Improvement of transport logistics at the enterprise. Ways to improve transport logistics. Refrigeration technologies and simplicity of devices, their rapid implementation and proper use of modern equipment for cooling milk and dairy
- Introduction 3
- 6
- 11
- 12
- 1.4. Basic principles of the transportation system. Carrier selection firm 16
- 26
- 26
- 27
- 2.3. Analysis of the main technical and operational indicators of the work of the ATP 29
- 3. Development of measures to improve the system of cargo transportation, taking into account the principles of logistics 31
- 3.1. Problem identification 31
- 3.2. Development of management solutions to optimize cargo transportation 33
- 3.2.1. Development of a rational route for the movement of vehicles 33
- 3.2.2. Development of proposals for managing the composition (number) of the transport fleet 40
- 3.2.3. Measures to improve the work of the ATP dispatch service 42
- 4. Making decisions on optimizing the organizational structure of the enterprise 50
- 4.1. The essence and objectives of the organization of labor, production and management 50
- 4.2. Analysis of the current organizational structure of management 51
- 4.3. Making decisions on optimizing the organizational structure of the enterprise 55
- Conclusion 58
- Bibliography 61
- Annex A 62
- Annex B 63
- Annex B (sheet 1) 64
- Annex B (sheet 2) 65
- Application …. 66
- Application …. . 67
- Application …. 68
- Appendix 4 69
- Annex D 70
- Annex G 1
- Appendix I 2
- Annex K 3
- Annex L 1
- Application = 3
- Application =2 4
- Application * 5
Introduction
Transport is one of the key sectors of any state, the most important factor in the effective development of the economy. The formation of market economic relations strengthens this role of transport, as with its direct participation regional commodity markets are formed. Becomes more relevant the main task transport - acceleration of turnover material values, delivery of finished products, transportation of people. For this directly affects the economic interests of both producers and consumers.
The special place of transport in the sphere of production lies in the fact that, on the one hand, the transport industry is an independent branch of production, and therefore a special branch of investment of production capital. But on the other hand, it differs in that it is a continuation of the process of production within the process of circulation and for the process of circulation.
A special place among various kinds transport is occupied by automobile.
It is more mobile in nature and less dependent on external factors. In most countries, including Russia, road transport occupies a leading position in terms of freight and passenger traffic. This type of transportation is extremely flexible in terms of routes and schedules. Trucks are able to transport goods "from door to door", saving the sender from the need for unnecessary transportation. Trucks - cost-effective view transport for the transportation of high-value goods over short distances. In many cases, road transport rates are competitively comparable to those of railways, but trucks provide a more responsive service.
Development market relations in Russia led to the destruction of the previously existing sectoral system of road transport management. Despite the fact that this process was necessary and natural in itself, the initial effect was clearly negative - the number of road accidents and their severity increased sharply, traffic volumes and rolling stock output decreased, etc. To a large extent, this is due to the fact that instead of the existing system of sectoral management of road transport, an equivalent system of state management and regulation of transport activities, adapted to the conditions of market economy, has not been created. Enterprises and organizations of transport were left face to face with the market elements.
In the process of privatization and demonopolization of transport production, a large number of private carriers and small ATPs were formed, which were headed by managers who were not trained for these purposes.
However, the experience of developed foreign countries shows that market relations in the economy in no way exclude, but rather presuppose the creation of a developed and efficient system of multilateral state regulation transport activity.
At present, there is a need to use a logistics approach to the organization of cargo transportation and the provision of transport services. The objective need for the logistics organization of work at the ATP can be explained by the following reasons. First, an integrated logistics toolkit that synthesizes the methodology general theory systems, systems engineering, cybernetics, marketing, management and other scientific disciplines, allows you to comprehensively solve the problems of organizing the movement of material flows from their places of origin to places of application (use). Secondly, logistics creates conditions for the removal of contradictions between various participants transport process, as it involves the conjugation of the economic interests of all participants in logistics chains and systems.
In the graduation project, an attempt was made to apply a logistics approach in the organization of transport operations to a specific motor transport company. The object of management, in relation to which it is necessary to develop a set of proposed measures, is the motor transport enterprise ZAO ATP-10. This enterprise is engaged in the provision of transport services and is one of the elements of the transport system of the Russian Federation.
The main design tasks are:
development of proposals for optimizing cargo transportation, taking into account the time and timing of delivery;
improvement of the situation at the enterprise due to the development of a shift-daily transportation plan;
drawing up a rational route for the movement of vehicles;
development of proposals to improve the coordination of the work of the transport company and consignors;
reduction of transport costs;
introduction of the most rational planning of transport transportation at the enterprise.
The importance of the study is due to the fact that in a market economy only highly organized enterprises with high-quality management can achieve effective work. The proposals being developed should be aimed at improving the transport process, increasing the efficiency of the use of rolling stock, reducing its downtime, empty runs and irrational transportation.
Ultimately, the implementation of these proposals is able to provide a positive effect directly on the motor transport enterprise, improve the main indicators of its work and bring additional profit.
1 Logistic aspect of the organization of transport operations
1.1. Factors of development of logistics. Transport aspects of logistics
Logistics is a system of sciences for managing the progress of material flow, i.e. materials management and distribution management. The purpose of logistics is to ensure the receipt (delivery) of products to the consumer at the right time and place at the lowest possible total cost of labor, material, financial resources.
The goal of logistics activities is considered to be achieved when six conditions are met:
desired product;
delivered in the required quantity;
at the right time;
to the right place;
with minimal cost.
The logistics system includes such enlarged blocks as supply (purchase) with transport support (delivery of products to the consumer).
In accordance with this, the following functional areas of logistics are distinguished:
Stocks. Stocks allow the entire system to operate economically and efficiently. The value of inventories should be optimal for the system. Stocks of products allow this system to quickly respond to changes in demand and ensure the uniformity of transport.
Transport. In the logistic approach, it includes not only the transportation of goods from the supplier to the consumer, from the enterprise to the warehouse, from the warehouse to the warehouse, but also the delivery from the warehouse to the consumer. The main characteristics of transport are cost and reliability.
Storage facilities. Includes warehousing for material storage, warehouse processing management, packaging, etc.
Information. Any logistics system is controlled by information and control subsystems. These subsystems transmit orders, requirements for shipment and transportation of products, and maintain inventory levels.
The main requirements of logistics: maintaining the connection of logistics with the corporate strategy, improving the organization of the movement of material flows, the receipt of the necessary information and timely technology for its processing, effective management labor resources, accounting of profit from logistics in the system of financial indicators, determination of optimal levels of logistics services in order to increase profitability, careful development of logistics operations.
The transition from the seller's market to the buyer's market had a significant impact on the development of logistics, accompanied by significant changes in the production strategy and distribution systems. If in the pre-transitional period the decision to release products preceded the development of a marketing policy (strategy), which actually implied the “adjustment” of the sales organization for production, then in the conditions of a glut of the market, the formation of production programs depending on the volume and structure of market demand.
Adapting to the interests of the clientele in a highly competitive environment required manufacturers to adequately respond to these conditions, and the result was an increase in the quality of service, and, above all, a reduction in lead times and unconditional adherence to the agreed delivery schedule. Thus, the time factor, along with the price and quality of products, began to determine the success of the enterprise in the modern market.
The sale of goods has become more complicated, while at the same time the requirements for the quality of the distribution process have increased. This caused a similar reaction among manufacturing firms regarding their suppliers of raw materials and materials. As a result, a complex system of communication between various market entities was formed, which required modification of the existing schemes of organization in the field of supply and marketing.
Works on optimizing certain areas of commodity circulation were actively developed. Problems were solved regarding the optimal placement of warehouses, determining the optimal size of consignments of goods, optimal schemes for transportation routes, etc.
The formation of the concept of logistics was accelerated by the development of systems theory and the theory of trade-offs. In accordance with the first, the problem of commodity circulation began to be considered as a complex one, which, among other things, meant that a satisfactory result cannot be obtained with an emphasis on any one of the aspects of the activity of the sphere of interest to us. The most important requirement of the theory of systems is the mandatory analysis of all components of the process of product distribution, their internal and external relationships.
The settlement of relationships within the framework of logistics became possible with the help of the theory of compromises. It is on its basis that an effect is achieved that balances the system as a whole. With regard to the distribution of goods, decisions are chosen that have a positive impact on reducing total costs or increasing total profit, even to the detriment of the activities of individual divisions of the company. In intercompany relations, a similar result is obtained by harmonizing the interests of all participants. logistics process, seeking compensation for additional costs by obtaining a non-industry effect. For example, the increased costs of transport due to the transition to the transportation of goods in small lots are covered by an increase in tariffs, to which the clientele agrees, counting on obtaining an out-of-transport effect (minimization of stocks).
An important role in creating objective opportunities for the development of logistics was played by technological progress in communications and informatics. It allowed at a higher level to monitor all the main and auxiliary processes of commodity circulation. The automatic control system clearly monitors the availability of semi-finished products and the release of finished products, the state of inventories, the volume of supplies of materials and components, the degree of fulfillment of orders, the location of goods on the way from the manufacturer to the consumer.
Forwarding support for the distribution of goods is the activity of forwarders (transport agents) in planning, organizing and carrying out the delivery of goods from their places of production to places of consumption and the provision of additional services for the preparation of batches of shipments for transportation using the best methods and methods in order to ensure that the needs of production and trading firms in the efficient distribution of goods.
This activity includes the execution of the necessary transportation documents, the conclusion of a transportation agreement with transport companies, payments for the carriage of goods, organization of loading and unloading operations, storage, information support for participants in the transport process, insurance, consolidation of small shipments, and simplification of customs formalities.
A study of the demand for transport services indicates that consumers consider timely delivery to be the main requirements for the delivery of goods. With the tightening of consumer requirements for the quality of goods, the needs of manufacturers for timely and reliable delivery are increasingly increasing. The main requirements imposed by consumers on transport services are as follows:
transportation reliability;
minimum terms (duration) of delivery;
regularity of cargo delivery;
guaranteed delivery times, including just-in-time cargo delivery;
transportation safety;
ensuring the safety of cargo during delivery;
convenience in receiving and delivering goods;
availability of additional services;
adaptability to customer requirements (service flexibility);
well-established system of information and documentation;
cargo escort to the final destination;
organization of cargo delivery "from door to door";
acceptable shipping cost.
The analysis showed that forwarders provide cargo owners with the following main types of services related to the performance of logistics functions: settlements with recipients for delivered goods (this function is transferred to forwarders by 70% of their clients); storage of products and raw materials (22%); choosing the most advantageous delivery option (22%); coordination with carriers of applied tariffs (21%); control of cargo movement (15%); creation of information systems for data storage and processing (13%); organization and implementation of electronic data exchange with partners (12%); operation of the fleet of rolling stock owned by the firm (11%); order tracking (7%); control over the level of inventories of the company (7%).
1.2. Transport tariffs and rules for their application
Payments for services rendered transport organizations are carried out with the help of transport tariffs. Tariffs include: the fee charged for the carriage of goods; fees for additional operations related to the carriage of goods; rules for calculating fees and charges.
transport company - reimbursement of operating costs and the possibility of making a profit;
to the buyer of transport services - determination of their costs for payment of transport services and the choice of an economical method of transportation.
One of the significant factors influencing the choice of carrier is the cost of transportation. The struggle for customers, inevitable in a competitive environment, can also make adjustments to transport tariffs. For example, the railways of the Russian Federation are currently experiencing serious competition from road transport in the field of transportation of small consignments of goods, the so-called small and low-tonnage shipments. This has a restraining effect on the growth of the respective railway tariffs. Skillful regulation of the level of tariff rates of various fees can also stimulate the demand for additional services related to the transportation of goods.
In road transport, the following types of tariffs are used to determine the cost of transporting goods: piece rates for the transport of goods; tariffs for the transportation of goods in the conditions of paid autoton-hours; tariffs for the time use of trucks; tariffs based on per-kilometer calculation; tariffs for the haul of rolling stock; negotiated rates.
The following factors influence the size of the tariff fee: distance of transportation; weight of cargo; volumetric weight of the cargo, characterizing the possibility of using the carrying capacity of the vehicle. According to this indicator, I divide all goods transported by road into classes; vehicle load capacity; total mileage; time of using the car; car type; the area in which the transportation is carried out, as well as a number of other factors.
Each of the tariffs for the carriage of goods by road does not take into account the entire set of factors, but only some of them, the most significant in the conditions of a particular transportation. For example, to calculate the cost of transportation at a piece rate, it is necessary to take into account the distance of transportation, the mass of the cargo and its class, which characterizes the degree of use of the vehicle's carrying capacity. When calculating the tariff for the time-based use of trucks, the carrying capacity of the vehicle, the time of its use and the total mileage are taken into account.
1.3. Development of cargo transportation
The intensive development of all sectors of the economy leads to a significant increase in cargo flows both in the existing and in the new directions of all types of transport that are being opened. The movement of inventory items from areas of production to points of consumption is the main function of the transport industries. The correct formulation of the tasks of planning, managing and rationalizing transportation is the basis for the efficient operation of transport and the optimization of all elements of the transportation process in transport systems.
The distribution of freight turnover between different modes of transport is characterized by a decrease in the share of rail and river transport and an increase in road, pipeline and maritime transport. Along with the indicators of freight turnover and traffic volume, the requirements for the speed of transportation have increased significantly.
The most important quality indicator of the organization of the transportation process is the speed of delivery of goods, i.e. the average speed of movement of the goods from the moment of its receipt to the delivery to the recipient. This indicator for each shipment is determined by the formula (2.1) presented in: see Appendix =
The delivery time of the cargo is determined by the formula given in: see Appendix =2
To solve the problems of optimal control of freight traffic processes in industry transport systems, it is necessary to consider a number of specific examples of optimizing such processes and developing mathematical models of a continuous transportation process for freight traffic. In this regard, it is necessary to choose economic criteria that allow influencing the degree of transportation organization with the participation of various transport industries and develop methods that make it possible to successfully exercise such control in the course of the transport system.
The greatest difficulty is solving the problems of integrated management of the transportation process.
In order to improve the efficiency of the transportation process with the participation of road transport, there is a need to study the following problems:
building a complex of intersectoral models for solving problems of optimal use technical means in transport systems;
establishment of a unified system of tariffs for the carriage of goods by road;
determination of a system of unified comparable indicators of the operation of vehicles;
optimization of methods and structure of management of the transportation process in transport systems;
improvement of current and advanced planning transportation work;
selection of the optimal vehicle.
At the same time, a decisive role is played by the creation and implementation in practice of modern economic and mathematical models of optimal planning and management of freight transportation processes.
In order to solve actual problems management of the transportation process at the ATP, it is necessary to ensure the following:
to study the essence and methodological foundations of the management of the transport system at the enterprise;
to explore the scientific foundations of the organization of transport system management at the enterprise;
track changes in the legal framework for transport management;
Transshipment points play an important role in the sequence of transport operations on vehicles. The most relevant tasks of optimal control at transshipment points are:
optimal distribution of the company's transport fleet;
building an optimal plan for the operation of the fleet and installations based on the optimal addressing of goods;
rolling stock operation;
optimization technological processes operation of transshipment points based on methods network planning and management.
At the same time, in order to optimize technological processes at cargo transshipment points, it is necessary to expand the study of operations on vehicles on the following sets of problems:
queuing theory and transport process;
analysis of uneven cargo flows;
improvement of the organization and mechanization of loading and unloading operations at the points of cargo transshipment;
methods of optimal transportation planning at the enterprise.
Structural divisions existing in transport hubs certain types Transport systems function in isolation, sometimes duplicating each other or, conversely, leaving a number of the most important problems of interaction between different modes of transport as variables. This situation indicates the need for a scientific approach to the problems of improving the structure of transport management by organizing research and substantiating the effectiveness of creating new transport management bodies at the central level and locally - in transport hubs. At the same time, the need to create a state general transport coordinating body is obvious.
The main functions of this body can be as follows:
determination of the main directions of the coordinated development of the unified motor transport system of the country;
distribution of transportation in transport;
pursuing a tariff policy that stimulates the most effective integrated development of modes of transport;
determination of the most important directions and stages of development of new modes of transport;
management of container transportation with the organization of the delivery of goods according to the “door-to-door” system, including the creation of general transport automated warehouses in transport hubs;
introduction of combined transportation technology in mixed traffic;
development of coordinated timetables and timetables for all types of transport.
Most economically developed countries various systems are used to manage transport systems by transport ministries, including methods for developing programs, analyzing, financing and monitoring the implementation of programs in the field of transport processes.
One of the main criteria for evaluating the effectiveness various principles management and programming of transport systems is a complex indicator - the time of transport service, which includes an economic assessment of not only the time of transportation, but also the performance of the entire range of operations related to the transportation of goods and passengers, and also takes into account the cost of the transported object, various expenses, etc. . Such a reduced indicator is used in the evaluation of transport strategies.
1.4. Basic principles of the transportation system. The company's choice of carrier
The main task of logistics was to develop a carefully balanced and reasonable proposal that would help achieve the greatest efficiency of the company, increase its market share and gain advantages over competitors.
One of the tasks of logistics is to create an integrated system for the regulation and control of material and information flows.
In accordance with the modern tasks of logistics, two types of its functions are distinguished: operational and coordination.
The operational nature of the function is associated with the direct management of the movement of material assets in the field of supply, production and distribution (ie, traditional logistics).
The functions of managing the distribution of products cover the operational organization of the flow of final products from the manufacturing enterprise to consumers.
Adapting to the interests of customers in the conditions of intense market competition required from the ATP an adequate response to the quality of service, primarily to reduce the time of order fulfillment and unconditional compliance with the delivery schedule. Thus, the time factor, along with the quality of transport services, began to determine the success of the operation of the ATP enterprise.
The use of modern means of information tracking of material flows contributes to the introduction of "paperless" technology. In transport, instead of numerous documents accompanying the cargo (especially in international traffic), information is transmitted through communication channels synchronously with the cargo, containing all the details necessary for characterizing the goods about each unit shipped. With such a system, on all sections of the route, at any time, it is possible to obtain comprehensive information about the cargo and, on the basis of this, make management decisions.
To increase the competitiveness of firms, it is necessary:
the presence of a well-functioning accounting and information system;
conducting a comprehensive analysis of expenses and income supply chain based on the application of the principle of "mission" and a single methodology for calculating costs;
determination of the share of profit from logistics activities in the total share of profit.
Requirements for the organization and management of material flows:
mandatory use of logistics principles of flexibility, synchronization, optimization, integration of process flows;
the rhythm of cargo transportation;
maximum continuity of transport processes;
rolling stock maneuverability;
ensuring the continuity of planned management;
operational management of transportation.
The existing problems include:
depreciation of the park;
irrational planning of transportation;
inefficient traffic management;
deviation from the technology of the transport process;
low transport efficiency.
Due to the large number Money involved in the movement of goods both in and out of the company and the potential impact on profits, large companies have transportation departments with expertise in areas such as selecting carriers and routes, determining freight and rates, tracking shipments, and handling damage claims. or loss of goods in transit. In a very large company, the transportation function can be even more specialized, depending on the purpose of the transportation. In a company operating according to the concept of raw material management, the raw material movement manager may be responsible for all types of movement. The relocation manager must understand that there is no added value in processing and shipping raw materials and end products. On the contrary, it is a key element of the costs in the company's activities, and it must be managed in order to minimize costs while maintaining required parameters services.
In a medium or small company, there may not be enough material handling activities to keep a full-time raw material handling specialist. Here, the transportation of raw materials is handled by an employee or a purchasing manager. This means that the purchasing officer must have sufficient knowledge to decide on the preferred terms of transportation, the choice of carriers and route, the preparation of the necessary documentation, the acceleration of the order and the tracking of the shipment, the resolution of claims for loss or damage in transit, and the procedure for paying for transportation services.
Issues of finding an external source of supply, contracts with external source or the involvement of a third party logistics service provider is particularly acute as companies require carriers to take care of more logistics than transportation departments. Decentralization has allowed carriers to provide services that they could not offer in a regulated environment transport companies. The growth in the use of shared modes of transport (such as combined transport by rail and road) stimulates the development of flexible infrastructure in the process of transportation and logistics. Many companies are developing relationships with major carriers; these relationships lead to the fact that carriers place their staff directly in the office of this company for daily decision-making on transportation issues. The ongoing development of computer information systems and their connection with the electronic data interchange system allows employees of the carrier company, located in the office of the customer company, to track and expedite the execution of the customer's order.
Transportation of goods by cars has undergone many changes. In a short period of time, the buyer realized the main benefits of a wider variety of price/service options and greater competition in pricing.
Over the past decades, legislation, various regulations and rules have created the framework within which the public transport system operates.
Carriers are comfortable with state status in the sense that they are entitled to serve shippers in different geographical locations and to some protection from competition with new companies in the market; in fact, they are in a position of partial monopoly. Therefore, they cannot discriminate against customers and are required to offer the same service to both small and large shippers at the appropriate rates.
Of course, lower rates are allowed for larger volumes, much like volume discounts for bulk purchases. With decentralization, the buyer has some flexibility in negotiating rates and services offered directly by the carrier. In addition, in order to start the service, the carrier must submit an application to the relevant authority regulating this type of activity and prove that he bears full responsibility and is able to provide adequate services. The carrier cannot start providing its services until permission is obtained. After the carrier receives permission to provide transport services, he agrees to serve both small and large shippers.
Each mode of transport, such as rail, road, air and water transport, has its own advantages for shippers in terms of speed, capacity, flexibility and cost. The same applies to the shortcomings inherent in each type of transportation. For example, when comparing air transport with road transport, air has advantages in terms of speed; In terms of delivery issues, road transport can carry more cargo at a lower rate and with more flexibility. The buyer must be aware of such advantages and disadvantages and find a balance between them when addressing the needs of the enterprise.
The first step is to determine the mode of transport - rail, road, air or water - that will best suit the needs of the transport. Research conducted by the Center for Advanced Study in Procurement in 2001 showed that the most important factor in determining the choice of mode of transport is the required delivery time of the goods (37% of the total possible number of factors), followed by transportation costs (17%), reliability and quality of service ( 14%), delivery size (11%), transportation time (10%), type of goods transported (7%), possibility of damage and range of services provided (each 2%).
Largely due to the increased reliability of technological and operational improvements, multimodal transport, the transport of goods in trailers or containers by rail using at least one additional view transport, such as road or air. Transport road and rail services, when cargo trailers are placed on special rail platforms for transportation over long distances, as well as when specially designed containers are loaded with goods, delivered by rail or road to the port berth, loaded on board the vessel, and then unloaded for transportation along by rail or road to the final destination, exemplify innovations in modes of transport. Nonetheless, Railway still associated with long hauls and poor service. Shippers doubt whether the railway will be able to respond flexibly to the needs of cargo delivery in certain time. The use of computers and modern technology lead to efficiency when changing rolling stock and reduce the idle time of the railway fleet. When using electric locomotives, less energy costs are required, and the speed of delivery and reliability increase. Wagons with two and even three levels are used to transport cargo, and car trailers equipped with both railway wheels and car tires find their way into the trucking industry.
Required delivery time. The required date of receipt of raw materials can significantly simplify the choice of the type of transportation quite simply. If it is necessary to deliver goods from a remote location within two days, then this is possible, the only acceptable option here would be air transportation. If you have more time, then you can consider other options. Most carriers will provide estimates of delivery times and the buyer may also rely on past experience with specific modes of transport and carriers. Demand for on-time delivery services arises when companies focus on cycle time reduction and stock management in a just-in-time system.
Reliability and quality of service. While two carriers often offer transportation services between the same destinations, their reliability often differs. One of them may:
be more attentive to the needs of the client;
take your obligations more seriously;
in general, to be the best carrier. A buyer's past experience is the best indicator of quality service.
Services. If the goods to be transported are large and non-standard, then a specific type of transport is often required. The nature of the cargo can identify individual carriers who have unique equipment to do the job. As the demand for third party logistics services grows, shippers are looking to use services such as warehousing and inventory management in addition to transportation services. Supply chain management requires experienced carriers.
The type of cargo being transported. The choice of the type of vehicle depends on the type of transported cargo. Cargoes are divided into large-sized and small-sized, dangerous and safe.
The cost of transport services. The buyer must choose the mode of transport, carrier and route that will ensure the safe transport of the goods, at the right time, at the lowest rate of total transportation costs. This requires a good knowledge of transport classification and tariffs.
The financial position of the carrier. When transporting cargo of any volume, mechanical damage may occur, which will lead to claims. If the carrier is in financial difficulty or is insolvent, then resolving them becomes a problem. Therefore, the buyer should avoid those carriers financial position which are unstable.
Work with claims. Inevitably, there will be claims for damage in transit. Prompt and efficient investigation and resolution of claims is another key factor in choosing a carrier.
Advantages and disadvantages of renting. Renting gives the company more flexibility in scheduling cargo. This can be cost-effective, but only if the equipment is to be used to one hundred percent - whether by delivering return cargo or semi-finished products or finished products. In addition, it is important that the company provides adequate security for the significant monetary liabilities that may arise in the event of an accident.
After decentralization, the use of private or rented cars is a much more acceptable option and is a subtype of the make or buy decision.
The liability of the carrier varies depending on the service provided and the terms of the contract between the shipper and the carrier. To meet specific requirements, the owner of the goods must make claims that have a basis.
Apparent loss or damage. When, upon completion of the delivery of the goods, it is obvious that there has been a loss or damage, this must be reflected in the document on receipt of the goods from the carrier and signed by the representative of the carrier upon delivery of the goods. If this is not done, then the carrier may insist that he has received a "clean receipt" and refuse liability.
If it can be shown that the loss or damage occurred while the goods were in the possession of the carrier, and if the value of the damage can be ascertained, then the carrier will generally compensate the damage promptly. However, with the entry of new automotive companies into the market, as well as the growing number of bankruptcies, some shippers are experiencing difficulties in collecting funds due to them. This highlights the need for careful financial analysis when selecting road carriers.
Hidden damage or loss. Cases where shortage or damage is discovered only after opening the container are called hidden damage or loss. It is often difficult to obtain compensation for concealed damage because it is almost impossible to determine when the loss or damage occurred - before or after the goods were received by the carrier.
The elements of a transportation strategy include:
1) Analysis of options: building rational routes, minimizing transportation costs, analyzing the timing of orders.
2) Price Analysis: Pay rates change significantly and decisions should only be made after all possibilities have been considered. You need to get competitive rates. Negotiations on large transport shipments have now become possible.
3) Consolidate shipments where possible: Bulk shipping discounts can significantly reduce shipping costs. System contracts and general orders have proven to be profitable.
4) Conduct customer analysis and evaluation: Supplier selection and evaluation systems will provide the data needed to make a better decision. There are four areas of assessment:
a) financial;
b) managerial;
c) technical or strategic;
d) area of relationship or general corporate relationship between the carrier and the shipper.
5) Develop closer relationships with selected customers: there is a need to share information that leads to better planning of transportation service needs, to take advantage of the strengths of the buyer and carrier.
6) Cost reduction analysis: long-term contracts, partnerships, downtime payment, packaging and service, quality and delivery requirements offer opportunities for cost reduction.
7) Security issues: avoiding unrealistic, legally unacceptable delivery schedules. Avoiding security issues is a key element of the strategy.
8) Environmental protection factors: in addition, it is necessary to take into account environmental aspects and the impact of transport on the purity of air and water, the transport of hazardous materials and the consumption of fuel and energy resources.
Thus, in the process of developing measures to improve the system of cargo transportation, it is necessary to use such logistical principles as:
the principle of flexibility;
optimization principle;
the principle of integration of all stages of the transportation process;
the principle of cost minimization;
the rhythm of cargo transportation;
maximum continuity of transport processes.
2. Characteristics of the enterprise
2.1. Characteristics of the company's activities
The enterprise was organized on February 14, 1948. In 1950 it was renamed into the "Motor transport office". Since 1953, the enterprise has received the name "Stalinogorsk motor depot". The main activity of the enterprise was the delivery of cargo to the construction sites of the Non-Chernozem Zone, as well as the transportation of goods throughout Russia.
Due to the change in the political situation in the country, the change in legislation, the enterprise was transformed into ATP-10 LLP in 1993, and in 1998 the enterprise changed its form of ownership again and became the ATP-10 joint-stock company.
The main activity of the enterprise throughout its existence has not changed.
Closed Joint Stock Company "ATP-10" is located at: Novomoskovsk, Tula region, st. Technical, 8. Date state registration 04.06. 1998. The authorized capital in the amount of 10118000 rubles is divided into 10118 pieces. ordinary shares with a nominal value of 1000 rubles. And the number of shareholders registered in the register is 151 people. The maintenance of the register is organized by the company independently.
The main type of production activity is motor transport services provided by legal and individuals. The volume of car services rendered in 2001 amounted to 10,268.9 thousand rubles.
Number of vehicles as of 01.01. 2002 equals 81 units, of which 69 trucks, 20 buses, crane truck + passenger car - 2 units, trailers of all types - 22 units, semi-trailers - 17 units.
The main customers of vehicles are Magistral LLC, DST-3 Moskva, and the Pervomaisky reinforced concrete plant.
List number as of 01.01. 2002 amounted to 120 people, of which drivers - 53 people, RMM - 24 people, engineers - 24 people, auxiliary workers - 19 people. 18 people of the driver's staff are understaffed, which is why some of the vehicles are idle in a technically sound condition.
Fund wages for 2001, taking into account the incentive fund, amounted to 2112 thousand rubles. The average monthly salary of one worker in 2001 was 1,496.5 rubles, which is 124.5% compared to the previous year. Of these, the average monthly salary of drivers is 1881.4 rubles, personnel of mechanical repair shops - 1769.4 rubles, auxiliary workers - 570.1 rubles.
The total land area is: repair and mechanical workshops - 5616 m2, administrative building 442 m2, control room and checkpoint building - 864 m2, car shop - 306 m2, battery shop 144 m2, diesel shop 1149 m2, tire shop - 1550 m2, block - workshops (carpentry, blacksmith) - 600 m2.
The territory of CJSC "ATP-10" together with the complex industrial premises provided for the placement and repair of 400 vehicles. In view of the fact that the availability of vehicles today is 80 units, many workshops are not involved in the main production and are leased.
2.2. Grade financial condition enterprises
To assess the financial condition of the enterprise, it is necessary to analyze its activities and calculate the main indicators for the balance sheet as of 01.01. 2002
The calculation results are summarized in Table 1.1. (Appendix A)
Based on the data obtained, it can be seen that the current liquidity indicator does not correspond to normative value, as well as the equity ratio, i.e. the enterprise is considered insolvent, and the balance sheet is not liquid. The solvency recovery ratio is 0.48, which means that the company is not able to restore its solvency within six months (6 months).
A total coverage ratio of one indicates that the company has as much working capital as short-term liabilities. The low value of the financial independence ratio indicates a high degree of use of borrowed funds. In such a situation, financial
INTRODUCTION
1. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF TRANSPORT LOGISTICS AT THE ENTERPRISE
1.1. Essence and tasks transport logistics in the enterprise management system
2. ORGANIZATION OF TRANSPORT AND LOGISTICS PROCESSES AT THE ENTERPRISE OF PG "SOYUZ"
2.1. Brief organizational and economic characteristics of the activities of the enterprise IG "Soyuz"
2.2 Organization and management of traffic flows in the logistics system
2.3 Analysis of transport logistics indicators
3 DEVELOPMENT OF RECOMMENDATIONS TO INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF THE TRANSPORT DIVISION OF THE ENTERPRISE
3.1 Ways to improve the transport and logistics processes at the enterprise
3.2 Calculation of the economic efficiency of the proposed measures
CONCLUSION
LITERATURE
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………………….71
Introduction
Improving transport logistics manufacturing enterprise PR Union"
Fragment of the work for review
The optimal transport and logistics system is a system that provides the maximum economic effect with a sufficient level of reliability and quality of services within the existing resource constraints.
When creating new transport and logistics systems and modeling the process of their functioning, one should take into account the long-term perspective of the development of transport and logistics systems, and not the current changes in the situation in the transport market.
Rice. 1.1. Forms of integration development of transport and logistics management systems
The main functions of transport and logistics systems are:
- logistics coordination and integration;
- strategic and operational controlling;
- self-development based on reengineering;
- optimization of the functioning of logistics transport chains based on terminal technology;
-introduction of new logistics technologies, combining technical equipment and information support technologies to improve the quality and efficiency of work.
Logistics integration is characterized by the possibility of effective cooperation between individual subjects of the transport market in order to achieve specific common and private goals.
Reengineering allows you to radically redesign the processes of goods distribution in order to improve the most important indicators of the quality of transport services: cost, reliability, delivery time. The functions of controlling within the framework of transport and logistics systems primarily include support for the acceptance process and the presentation of system management information.
The entire transport logistics system is based on the principles of:
1) the main goal is to minimize transportation costs;
2) maximize the use of the carrying capacity of vehicles;
3) the multiplicity of the transported consignment of cargo units of the order, dispatch and warehousing;
4) economies of scale and distance of transportation;
5) the concentration of cargo flows on individual distribution channels and the rejection of uneconomical goods;
6) delivery of goods just in time.
Economy due to the scale of cargo transportation is due to the fact that when the cargo is enlarged, to minimize transportation costs per unit of weight. Powerful modes of transport (railway and water) are cheaper per unit weight of the transported cargo than less powerful ones (road and air). Economies of scale in freight transportation arise due to the fact that the fixed component of transport costs is distributed over the entire load, so that the larger it is, the lower the unit cost per unit of weight. Fixed costs include administrative costs associated with the processing of orders for transportation; the cost of a simple vehicle for loading and unloading; the cost of processing payment documents and operating costs. These costs are considered fixed, since their value does not depend on the size of the shipment.
Savings due to the distance of the route is due to the fact that with the lengthening of the route, transport costs per unit of distance are reduced. For example, the transportation of one cargo over a distance of 800 km will cost less than the delivery of two cargoes of the same total weight over a distance of 400 km. This effect is also called the principle of diminishing returns, since the unit cost per unit of path decreases as the distance traveled increases. Economies of distance arise for the same reasons as economies of scale. The fixed costs associated with the loading and unloading of transport should be attributed to the variable costs per unit of path. The longer the route, the greater the distance these costs are distributed, which leads to a reduction in transport costs per unit of path.
These principles must be taken into account when choosing transport service strategies. It is necessary to strive for the maximum load of vehicles and the maximum length of cargo transportation routes with the obligatory satisfaction of all consumer requirements. Optimal transport costs should be minimal. This is achieved by establishing a balance of transport costs and the quality of transport services, the criteria of which are the speed and reliability of transportation. Reliability is characterized by the frequency and duration of transportation, which allows you to optimize inventory levels and improve logistics efficiency.
One of the main tasks of optimizing traffic flows and efficient operation of the entire logistics system is the rational organization of transport routes.
1.2. Methodology for organizing transport and logistics routes
The organization of the movement of goods consists in establishing the procedure for the preparation and execution of transportation, forwarding work, traffic management, accounting and control over the progress of execution, a document management system, and a system for calculating the transportation of goods.
AT modern conditions increased requirements for the quality of transport services, such as door-to-door delivery of goods through the use of container and combined transport, technological routes and other modern methods of transportation.
The cargo delivery process consists of three main elements:
1) loading of cargo onto a vehicle at the point of departure;
2) directly the process of moving cargo - transportation;
3) unloading of cargo from the vehicle at the destination.
The whole complex of works related to the transport process, from the moment the application is received to the complete fulfillment of the client's application, is called forwarding work. The composition of the transport-forwarding work includes the preparation of a transport-technological scheme. The scheme is developed for each order, in relation to specific conditions of transportation, taking into account the time of movement of the cargo, the time of loading and unloading, and the possible downtime of the vehicle.
For more efficient and high-quality work in all parts of the transport and logistics chain of transportation at the enterprise, it is necessary to develop a project of a typical technological transport process. The project includes:
- description of transport processes;
- technological calculations and parameters of cargo movement;
- parameters of transportation;
- the main technical and operational indicators of the enterprise system;
- economic calculations of efficiency and rational use resources.
The development and implementation of the project should be carried out in the direction of:
- improvement operational management transport system;
- ensuring maximum load, flow and continuity of the transport process;
- Ensuring coherence in the actions of employees;
- reduction of time for each operation;
- coordination of parameters of transport services.
The movement of cargo with the help of a vehicle is the main component of the transport system. The movement of transport occurs along the routes. The route of movement is the path the vehicle follows when performing transportation.
The main elements of the route are:
- the length of the route (the path that the car passes from the starting point to the final point);
-turnover of the car (the whole cycle of movement there and back);
- ride (one movement of transport from the starting point to the final point);
- the length of the ride with the load (the distance that the load moves in 1 ride).
Routes are pendulum and ring.
The pendulum route is characterized by repeated repetition of the route of the car between two points. The pendulum route can be with a reverse idle run, with a reverse incomplete loaded run, with a reverse loaded run. A loop route describes a vehicle's route around a closed loop that connects several consumers. Ring routes can be delivery (cargo is delivered to several recipients), groupage (cargo received from several suppliers is delivered to one consumer), collection and delivery (several consumers and several suppliers). Figure 1.2 shows the schemes of the main types, a pendulum route with a reverse loaded run with a coefficient of less than 1.0 and a ring route with a coefficient from 0.5 to 1.0.
Rice. 1.2. Scheme of pendulum (a)_and ring routes (c)
In accordance with the characteristics of the type of route for each run, indicators are compiled that characterize the technical parameters of the transport route. The necessary indicators for calculating the operation of the car are:
- time of vehicle travel, turnover, movement of a loaded vehicle, unloading - loading, movement without load, hours;
- load capacity utilization factor;
- technical speed, km/h;
- coefficient of use of car run for 1 turn;
-number of trips and turns;
-total length of the route, km;
- daily volume of transportation, t.
When organizing the route of the transport chain, there may be difficulties in the calculations, and the inability to solve the problem in the simplest way based on work experience. In this case, mathematical methods and models are used. The use of mathematical methods allows you to choose the best solution for certain criteria of the transport system. The following problems are solved by the linear programming method:
1) Finding the optimal number of trips on routes for a certain time in the order. The target function looks like this (formula 1.1):
→ min, (1.1)
Where T is the loss of working time on the i-th trip, hour;
2) Finding the best option for working with regular customers, avoiding zero runs (formula 1.2):
→ min, (1.2)
where T - working time with zero mileage on the i-th ride, hour;
m - number of trips for a certain period;
3) The optimal distribution of vehicles along the routes, the objective function is presented in formula 1.3.
→ max, (1.3)
where T is the total working time of the car on the i-th trip, hour;
m - number of trips for a certain period;
The logistics system can solve the problem of linking the supplier with the consumers using linear programming. This happens primarily when suppliers have storage facilities, and secondly, a certain number of consumers. In this case, the transport problem is solved using the following data: consumer needs, supplier resources, transportation costs. The main goal of the transport problem is to minimize the total transport costs delivery of all products to consumers.
In some cases, if the number of variables is not large, the problems of optimizing transport processes can be solved graphically. For example, the equation for the maximum performance of vehicles may look like this (formula 1.4):
Q = Ax + By → max, (1.4)
Where Q is the maximum productivity of transport, t.;
A, B - the amount of cargo carried by vehicles,
t.;
x, y - number of vehicles, units;
The result of applying economic - mathematical methods in determining the route of transportation of goods can be the calculation of economic efficiency, which can be determined by the formula (1.5).
E \u003d L * * C - Z, (1.5)
where E is economic efficiency application of the mathematical method;
L - mileage of transport with cargo, thousand km;
C - average costs per 1 km run, kop.;
Z - expenses for performing calculations, thousand rubles;
– mileage utilization factors calculated up to
the use of computers and on computers;
Carrying out economic calculations in the organization of transportation is a necessary condition for managing the transport system. Economic calculations allow you to determine the results of economic activity, identify reserves for cost reduction, reserves for a more rational use of available resources.
1.3. The value of transport logistics in the economic activity of the enterprise
The use of logistics in an enterprise suggests that it should closely interact with the buyer, and this interaction should be aimed at making commitments to reduce costs and accurately fulfill their obligations to the partner.
The quality of the entire transport and logistics process depends on the level of organization of transportation. The main indicators of the quality of transport chain management include: the safety of goods, timeliness, reliability, cost-effectiveness of transportation and ease of use of the transportation system. The transportation quality management scheme is shown in Figure 1.3.
Experience shows that with a highly organized transport service, vehicle downtime is reduced, the efficiency of transport use is increased, the utilization rate of mileage and load capacity is increased, transport costs are reduced, and the performance indicators of the entire transport enterprise as a whole are improved.
The logistics approach in the field of transport movements allows you to identify additional features to further reduce production costs and product costs, improve the quality of manufactured goods, improve the quality of customer service in order to increase the efficiency and business activity of the enterprise. Introduction of modern logistics management in the practice of management allows to increase the organizational and economic stability of the company in the market.
Rice. 1.3. Transportation Quality Management Scheme
Logistics can be considered as one of the business process management tools for managing a company, aimed at saving resources, efficient use of vehicles, warehouse management, optimizing the flow of goods, materials and other resources in the supply and sale of the product.
According to the European Logistics Association for 1999, the use of a logistics approach can reduce the time of production by 25%, reduce the cost of production by up to 30%, and reduce the volume of inventories from 30 to 70%.
Success in the process of production management depends on the efficiency and agility in fulfilling the requirements of the customer - to produce the right product, deliver it on time and to the right place, of good quality. Failure to comply with at least one of these requirements can lead to the loss of buyers and, accordingly, a certain market share.
The idea of continuous monitoring of the entire logistics chain is at the heart of the logistics management of an enterprise. Monitoring provides an opportunity to see:
- how efficiently resources are used;
- identify weaknesses in the process, deal with the causes of their occurrence, determine the sources of losses;
- to optimize the activities of the company's employees in order to increase the efficiency of the company's economic activities.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of the promotion of traffic flows is one of the most important tasks of managing the logistics system. The main performance indicators of transport enterprises are: the gross income of the enterprise, profit, marginal costs, fixed and variable costs. Knowing the achieved and optimal level of these indicators, it is possible to determine the feasibility of the economic activity of the enterprise, the effectiveness of transport and other operations, to determine financial stability enterprises.
The profit of the enterprise is determined by deducting from the total income of the enterprise received from the sale of material flow for a certain period of time, total costs.
The total amount of funds received from the sale of the volume of material flow (Q), the company receives in the form of gross income (VD), or sales proceeds. Taking into account the price per unit of transport products (C), gross income can be determined by formula 1.6:
VD \u003d Q * C. (1.6)
Rational organization the transport department at the enterprise provides a reduction in the cost of production. The main costs include variable and fixed costs, marginal costs. Fixed costs (Z) do not depend on changes in the level of material flow. variable costs(H) directly depend on the volume of cargo turnover, on the cost of materials, electricity. Total costs (C) are calculated as the sum of fixed and variable costs. Additional costs that are associated with the production of an additional unit of material flow are called marginal costs (FC) and are calculated as the ratio of the change in total costs (∆З) to the change in the volume of material flow (∆Q), calculated by formula (1.7):
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"LITERATURE
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Book Description
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Internet
27 www. logist. en
28 www. logistics.ru
29. www.dist-cons.ru
30 www. spb.ru
31.www-pgsous-ru
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Introduction
1.2 Main modes of transport and transportation
Conclusion
List of sources and literature
INTRODUCTION
Logistics is the science of planning, managing, controlling and regulating the movement of material and information flows in space and time from their primary source to the end consumer.
Logistics, although it has deep historical roots, is nevertheless a relatively young science. It received especially rapid development during the Second World War, when it was used to solve strategic problems and to clearly interact with the defense industry, standard and supply bases and transport in order to provide the army with weapons and food in a timely manner. Gradually, the concepts and methods of logistics began to be transferred from the military field to the civil one, first as a new scientific direction on the rational management of the movement of material flows in the sphere of circulation, and then in production.
Transport is a branch of material production that transports people and goods. In structure social production transport belongs to the sphere of production of material services. Transport as an integral part of a larger system, i.e. logistics chain, led to the need to consider it in different aspects. From the point of view of specialization and cooperation of production, the study of transport cannot be limited to the sphere of individual material and technical relations. It must be considered throughout the entire supply chain, from the primary supplier to the final consumer, including intermediate stages.
The relevance of the problem of transport in the logistics system of enterprises in recent years has been constantly increasing, which is largely due to the development of the infrastructure of the domestic commodity market, the increase in trade, the tightening of competition in economic markets and the ever-increasing need to optimize costs in all parts of the logistics chain.
The transport logistics management system of a modern enterprise is based on the concept of integrating transport, supply, production and marketing, on the search for optimal solutions in general, throughout the entire process of movement of material flow in the sphere of circulation and production using the criterion of minimum costs for transportation, supply, marketing, production.
The tasks of transport logistics primarily include tasks, the solution of which enhances the coordination of actions of the direct participants in the transport process. The urgency in solving such problems arises when the volumes of transport work are allocated to a large independent array.
The role of transport is changing significantly with the development of logistics systems. Within the framework of logistics technology, the discipline of transport service is determined today not by the interests of an individual sender (recipient), but by the optimal ratio of costs and profits in the specified production and consumption cycle.
The purpose of this work is to develop measures to improve the transport support of logistics at the above-mentioned enterprise.
In accordance with the goal, the following tasks were solved in the work:
Describe transport logistics;
Expand the types of transportation;
Give a description of the enterprise JSC "Red October";
To give an analysis of the transport and transportation of products of JSC "Krasny Oktyabr";
Propose measures to improve the transport support of logistics at OAO Krasny Oktyabr.
The object of the study is JSC "Red October". The company specializes in the production of dairy products.
The subject of this course work is the organization of transport logistics for JSC "Red October".
In the course of the work, the works of the following authors were used: Bowersox D., Gordon M.P., Inyutina K.B., Kozlov V.K., Mirotina L.B., Novikov D.T., Rodnikova A.N., and other scientists.
The methodological basis of the study was a systematic approach, methods for analyzing the logistics system of an enterprise.
CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE TRANSPORT SUPPORT OF THE LOGISTICS SYSTEM
1.1 Transport logistics: concept, tasks, functions
Transport logistics - moving the required amount of goods to the right point, optimal route in the required time and at the lowest cost. Transport is a link between the elements of logistics systems, carrying out the movement of material resources. The cost of creating any product is the sum of the cost of production and the cost of performing all the work from the moment the materials are purchased to the moment the product is purchased by the end user. Most the cost is the so-called "transition price", that is, the mark-up of each link in the chain of the manufacturer - the end buyer. The markup for such a transition can be 15 - 20%.
The movement of the material flow from the primary source of raw materials to final consumption is carried out using various vehicles. The cost of these operations can reach up to 50% of the total logistics costs.
Transport is presented as a system consisting of two subsystems: transport designed for common use and non-public transport.
Public transport serves the sphere of circulation and the population. This type of transport is often called the main. The concept of public transport covers urban transport, rail transport, water transport (sea and river), road, air and pipeline transport.
Non-public transport - intra-industrial transport, as well as vehicles of all types belonging to non-transport enterprises, is, as a rule, an integral part of any production systems.
Transport is an integral part of production and trade processes. Therefore, the transport component is involved in many technological processes, performing the tasks of the logistics system. At the same time, there is a fairly independent transport area of logistics, in which multidimensional coordination between the participants in the transport process can be considered outside of direct connection with the associated production and storage areas of the material flow.
The presence of a single operator of the end-to-end transportation process, which performs a single function of managing the end-to-end material flow, creates the opportunity to effectively design the movement of the material flow, achieving the specified output parameters.
When organizing multimodal transportation, the logistics system involves the use of:
Two or more modes of transport;
Availability of a single operator of the transportation process;
Single transport document; unified freight rate;
Sequential-central scheme of interaction of participants;
Single and as a result high responsibility for the cargo.
The result of using the transport logistics system for the enterprise will be: a high probability of fulfilling the "six rules of logistics" the right cargo, in the right place, at the right time, in the required quantity, the required quality, at minimal cost.
The main tasks of transport logistics include ensuring the technical and technological connectivity of the participants in the transport process, coordinating their economic interests, as well as using unified systems planning.
Technical contingency in the transport complex means the consistency of vehicle parameters both within individual types and in the interspecific section. This consistency allows you to apply modal transportation, work with containers and cargo packages.
Technological contingency involves the use of a single transportation technology, direct reloading, non-reloading communication.
Joint planning commercial activities participants in the logistics system means the development and application of common schedule plans. The tasks solved by the transport logistics system include:
Creation of transport systems, including the creation of transport corridors and transport chains;
Ensuring the technological unity of the transport and storage process;
Joint planning of the transport process with warehouse and production;
Determination of a rational route for the delivery of goods;
Selecting the type and type of vehicle.
One of the most famous concepts and common transport logistics is the concept of "just in time" (just-in-time, JIT). It is based on a fairly simple logic of product delivery, in which the flows of material resources are carefully synchronized with the need for them, set by the time and production schedule for the release of finished products.
Using the system allows you to deliver material resources or finished products to a certain point in the logistics chain (channel) exactly at the moment when they are needed (not earlier and not later), which eliminates excess stocks both in production and in distribution. Many modern logistics systems using this system are focused on short components of logistics cycles, which requires a quick response of the logistics system links to changes in demand and, accordingly, in the production program.
The transport (transportation) process is a set of organizational and technologically interrelated actions and operations performed transport company and their divisions independently or in coordination with other organizations in the preparation, implementation and completion of the transportation of goods.
The structure of the transport process includes:
Marketing research of the cargo transportation market;
Development of rational route schemes based on marketing research data;
Selection of the type and determination of the required number of rolling stock for the carriage of goods;
Determining the scope of the appropriate use of vehicles, depending on the specific conditions of cargo transportation, the type and properties of cargo, the performance of freight transport;
Rationing the speed of vehicles;
The choice of systems for organizing the movement of vehicles using rational modes of work of service personnel;
Coordination of the work of various modes of transport;
Analysis of road conditions in order to develop efficient and safe routes for vehicles;
Ensuring efficient and safe transportation of goods;
Application of economic and mathematical methods and calculations to improve the efficiency of the use of vehicles;
Vehicle traffic management;
Operational control over the movement of vehicles, etc.
The rational organization of cargo transportation is based on the study of cargo turnover and cargo flows.
The movement of various goods is carried out along the route, which is an established (planned), and, if necessary, equipped route for the vehicle between the start and end points.
Routes, depending on the classification feature, are divided into:
1) by length: urban; suburban; intercity; international;
2) according to the time period of the year: constant; seasonal;
3) according to the method of movement: pendulum; ring.
The modern mission of transportation in the logistics service system can be briefly formulated as follows: "to deliver the right product of the required quality and quantity at the specified time with optimal costs."
Transport service in modern conditions includes not only the actual transportation of goods from the supplier to the consumer, but also a large number of forwarding, information operations, services for cargo handling, insurance, security, etc. Therefore, transportation can be defined as a key logistics function associated with the movement of products by a vehicle (or vehicles) using a certain technology in the supply chain, and consisting of logistics operations and functions, including forwarding, cargo handling, packaging, transfer of ownership of the cargo, risk insurance, customs procedures, etc.
1.2 Main modes of transport and transportation transport logistics transportation transportation
There are five main types of transport: rail, water (sea and river), road, air and pipeline.
Rail transport provides economical transportation of large loads, while offering a number of additional services, thanks to which it has almost a monopoly position in the transport market. More recently, there has been a trend towards the specialization of rail transport, which is associated with the desire to improve the quality of the services they provide. This is how double-deck container platforms, articulated wagons, and special-purpose trains appeared.
Water transport. Here, the division into deep-sea (ocean, sea) and inland (river) navigation is accepted. The main advantage of water transport is the ability to transport very large cargoes. The main disadvantages of water transport are limited functionality and low speed.
Automobile transport. The main reasons for the active use of vehicles in logistics systems were the inherent flexibility of delivery and the high speed of intercity transportation.
Air Transport. Cargo aviation is the newest and least demanded form of transport. Its main advantage is the speed of delivery.
The choice of a combination of modes of transport is influenced by:
The need to create transport corridors, i.e., such a part of the national or international transport system that provides more or less constant transportation between individual regions, significant in volume or intensity;
The feasibility of creating transport chains, i.e., such transportations or their stages, when even using different modes of transport, the goods themselves remain unchanged, representing a standardized container;
Possibility of technological linkage and joint planning of transportation with the production and release of finished products and with the warehousing process;
Possibility in the case of multimodal transportation of mutual linking and joint planning of transportation processes for different modes of transport.
An important role in the choice of a particular mode of transport is played by transport tariffs. But important importance is given to what methods of transportation (types of transportation) exist.
Systems theory states that every system is made up of subsystems. It is accepted that any system can be described in terms of system objects, properties and relationships. The hierarchy and number of subsystems depend only on the internal complexity of the system as a whole.
Figure 1. Hierarchical structure of transportation.
Figure 1 shows a hierarchical pyramid (structure) of transportation technology and organization. At the top of this pyramid are intermodal transport. This is the transportation of goods by several modes of transport, with one of the carriers organizing the entire transportation from the point of departure to the point of destination. Below - multimodal transportation, the operator takes responsibility for the entire transportation.
Next - unimodal transportation, then intra-regional and city transportation by specialized enterprises and, finally, local transportation of individual entrepreneurs and their own transport of industrial and commercial structures. Depending on the complexity of the order, the place of delivery and the nature of the cargo, the client can choose the most convenient method of transportation.
As for the transport and logistics industry in Russia, it is necessary to consider the main economic indicators characterizing the work of the transport complex.
Table 1 - Indicators of cargo transportation in Russia by mode of transport (million tons)
|
Types of transport |
||||
|
Transport of all sectors of the economy |
||||
|
Automotive |
||||
|
Railway |
||||
|
Pipeline |
||||
|
Inland waterway |
||||
|
Aviation |
Thanks to the table, we can see that over the years road transport has occupied and occupies a large share of the market, but rail transport is also popular. These two modes of transport still have a leading position today. The advantages of these modes of transport over others are high availability and relatively low fares.
We define the main advantages and disadvantages of using vehicles in terms of logistics in Table 2.
Table 2 - comparison table Vehicle
|
Automobile transport |
||
|
Advantages |
Flaws |
|
|
used for short distance transportation |
high cost of transportation |
|
|
high maneuverability |
urgency of unloading |
|
|
door-to-door delivery with the required degree of urgency |
possible theft of cargo and theft of vehicles |
|
|
ensures regular delivery |
relatively small payload |
|
|
small batch deliveries possible |
||
|
the least stringent requirements for product packaging. |
||
|
Railway transport |
||
|
Advantages |
Flaws |
|
|
transportation of large consignments of goods in all weather conditions |
slow movement speed |
|
|
limited number of carriers |
||
|
relatively fast delivery of goods over a long distance |
theft and loss |
|
|
transportation is regular |
low possibility of delivery to consumption points (in some cases, it must be supplemented by road) |
|
|
convenient loading and unloading |
||
|
relatively low cost of transportation of goods, as well as the availability of discounts |
||
|
Sea transport |
||
|
Advantages |
Flaws |
|
|
low freight rates |
low speed |
|
|
high carrying capacity (actually a disadvantage for MB) |
||
|
stringent requirements for packaging and securing cargo |
||
|
low sending frequency |
||
|
dependence on weather and navigation conditions |
||
|
Inland water transport |
||
|
Advantages |
Flaws |
|
|
low freight rates (the cheapest transport for transporting goods weighing more than 100 tons over a distance of more than 250 km.) |
slow delivery speed |
|
|
limited possibility of delivery to consumption points |
||
|
low sending frequency |
||
|
low geographic accessibility |
||
|
Air Transport |
||
|
Advantages |
Flaws |
|
|
the fastest delivery speed |
high freight rates |
|
|
Possibility of delivery to remote areas |
limited lot size |
|
|
high security of goods |
dependence on weather conditions (leads to unpredictable delivery schedules) |
|
|
Pipeline transport |
||
|
Advantages |
Flaws |
|
|
low cost |
narrow range of goods to be transported (liquids, gases, emulsions) |
|
|
high throughput |
To determine the main mode of transport, there are six main factors influencing the decision: delivery time; the cost of transportation; reliability of compliance with the schedule of cargo delivery; departure frequency; ability to carry different cargoes; the ability to deliver cargo to any point of the territory.
The correctness of the choice made must be confirmed by technical and economic calculations based on an analysis of all costs associated with the transportation of various modes of transport.
CHAPTER 2. ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSPORT SUPPORT OF THE LOGISTICS SYSTEM OF THE ENTERPRISE JSC "RED OCTOBER"
2.1 Characteristics of the enterprise
Kushvinsky gormolzavod was founded in 1969 and was originally considered state enterprise food dairy products. In 1996, the enterprise was transformed into an open joint-stock company "Kushvinsky Gormolzavod". Since June 9, 2007 OJSC "Kushvinsky Gormolzavod" by the decision general meeting shareholders was renamed into open joint-stock company Krasny Oktyabr. JSC "Red October" is located in the Sverdlovsk region, Kushva, at the address: st. 40 years of October, 2.
The company specializes in the production of dairy products and occupies a leading position. The products manufactured at OAO Krasny Oktyabr have certain market specifics. Most of the dairy products, being products of prime necessity, find guaranteed sales within the markets in which the enterprise producing them occupies a dominant position. These types include: milk, kefir, sour cream, cottage cheese, etc. Let's designate the main types of products manufactured by Krasny Oktyabr JSC:
Dairy products (pasteurized milk, baked milk, butter);
Sour-milk products (varenets, fermented baked milk, kefir, biokefir, yogurt, snowball, sour cream, cottage cheese, cheese, glazed cheese);
Cheese (cheese mass with the taste of mushrooms, cheese mass with the taste of greens, cheese mass with the taste of bacon).
Raw milk supplies are carried out from 29 farms, mainly from four districts of the Sverdlovsk region, the share of which is: Alapaevsky district - 41.5%, the volume of supplies compared to 2009 increased by 8.9%. The corresponding figures for the Verkhotursky district were 19.9% and 11.9%, for the Prigorodny district - 11.8% and 8.8%, for the Irbitsky district - 18.6%, which gave the largest increase in supply volumes of 53.4%. Of the farms, a significant increase in the volume of deliveries compared to 2009 was achieved by LLC Agrofirma Zarya by 54.2%, SEC Kolkhoz Druzhba by 56.6%, SEC Kilachevsky by 40.1% (all Irbitsky district) , SPK Kolkhoz im. Chapaev" by 12%, LLC "Koptelovo" by 26.6%, KH Molokova by 14.5% (Alapaevsky district), LLC DSP "Sovkhoz "Bogoslovsky" by 29%. At the same time, there is a decrease in the volume of deliveries from the farms of the Prigorodny district by 1.2%, including from Nizhnesaldinskoye LLC by 12%, from State Unitary Enterprise Sovkhoz Verkhnesaldinskiy by 5.9%.
The main economic indicators of the work of JSC "Red October" for 2010 are presented in table 3.
Table 3 - Main economic indicators of JSC "Krasny Oktyabr"
|
The name of indicators |
Unit measured. |
Ratio of 2010 to 2009 in % |
|||
|
Marketable products produced (without VAT), including whole milk: Diet products Sour cream Butter |
|||||
|
Received from agricultural producers of raw milk |
|||||
|
Costs for the production of marketable products |
|||||
|
Profitability |
|||||
|
Labor productivity |
Thousand rub. for 1 person |
In terms of dairy production, according to the regional Ministry of Agriculture, the Company ranks third among related enterprises in the Sverdlovsk region. The Company's products were sold in 23 cities of the Sverdlovsk and Tyumen regions among 605 counterparties (in 2009 there were 597 counterparties).
The staff number is 378 people.
The company has two separate structural divisions - Koptelovsky milk collection point in the village. Koptelovo, Alapaevsky district and the Krasnogorsk milk collection point in the village. Krasnogorsk Verkhotursky
district without an independent balance sheet and current account, the last of which was put into operation in December 2010.
The technological scheme, which is used at the plant, provides for the production of almost all types of products in a single technological system. Depending on the fat content, quantity and quality of incoming raw materials, as well as customer requests, there is the possibility of prompt changes in the production of a diverse range.
All milk received from suppliers goes to admission department where it is received, cleaned and cooled. Then the milk enters the hardware department, where it is carried out heat treatment, pasteurization and normalization. After that, the processed milk enters the bottling shop for bottling, and is also divided into shops for further deeper processing to develop an assortment.
Further processing of milk is carried out in the workshops. The cottage cheese shop produces cottage cheese with a fat content of 9%, curd cheese, curd cream. In the cheese production shop, Adygeisky cheese is produced. The entire range of fermented milk products and milk is produced in the workshop for the production of dietary milk products. In the sour cream shop, milk is pasteurized, separated by fat content, separated, after which such types of products as sour cream, butter, cream dessert, yoghurts are produced.
All products of the enterprise have certificates of conformity confirming the safety of products. To control the quality of products, the company operates a laboratory. Thanks to the modernization and installation of new equipment, the plant is able to conduct the most thorough analysis of raw cow's milk.
The territory of the plant has a ring passage for transport, with an asphalt concrete surface. On the territory, within a radius of 30 meters from the production building, there are utility and storage facilities, a boiler room of the plant.
There are four artesian wells in the sanitary zone.
The production building is made according to the principle of a single room, the internal walls are lined with glazed tiles to the full height.
OAO Krasny Oktyabr is a kind of autonomous mini-town, which fully and independently supplies itself with heat, steam, compressed air, and hot water. On the territory of the plant with an area of 2.71 hectares there is a production building, utility and storage facilities, a boiler room of the plant, 4 artesian wells, a laboratory, and its own fleet of vehicles.
The availability of a developed auxiliary production sphere at the dairy plant allows saving money and keeping prices for the company's products within the limits accessible to trade and the population.
In 1969, the capacity of the plant was 30 tons of milk per shift. Modernization at all production sites made it possible to increase the plant's capacity by four times. The actual capacity as of 01/01/2012 is 120 tons of milk per shift.
According to its level of development JSC "Krasny Oktyabr" is approaching such a stage of technical and technological development, when in the process of receiving and processing milk, direct contact of people with the products is practically excluded.
In order to improve the consumer properties of products, the company put into operation a machine for packing products into pure-pack bags RG-50. Such packaging is more attractive in appearance compared to packaging in plastic bags and more convenient for transportation wholesale buyers and consumers. Products in such packaging are subject to longer storage and can be transported to areas farther from the plant.
The plant annually upgrades equipment, as well as constantly modernizing production, which allows it to meet modern quality requirements.
2.2 Characteristics of transport and transportation of raw materials and products of JSC "Red October"
In the recent past, the plant refused to deliver raw materials by rail tank cars. It turned out to be faster and more efficient to bring milk by road.
Transportation of dairy products of the plant is carried out by vehicles with isometric bodies, equipped with refrigeration units and recording devices. Each time, before loading, sanitary passports, personal medical books of drivers and the condition of vehicles are checked. Loading of finished products without the permission of the responsible person is not allowed. Washing and decontamination of vehicles is carried out in an isolated room in full compliance with sanitary rules.
Delivery of finished products to hundreds of points located throughout the Sverdlovsk region required serious attention to the creation of its own transport base. As a result, the Kushvinsky Krasny Oktyabr plant now has a truck fleet and a garage.
Currently, Krasny Oktyabr JSC has 3 milk tankers with a tank volume of 16 tons, as well as 4 milk tankers with a tank volume of 14 tons, for the delivery of raw materials.
To deliver finished products to the place of sale, refrigerator trucks with a carrying capacity of 1.5 and 3.5 tons are used. To date, the plant has 6 refrigerator trucks of the Gazelle brand, as well as 7 refrigerator trucks of the Hyundai brand.
Most of the vehicles in the plant's fleet have been in operation for more than five years. It should be noted that on the balance sheet of the enterprise there are 2 trucks that are not used in operation (they cannot be restored) and are subject to write-off.
The path of food from the direct producer to the counter is often accompanied by malfunctions. Various overlays with transport, non-compliance of the vehicle with sanitary standards, absence or incorrect execution of accompanying documents, various delays on the way - all these unpleasant circumstances often jeopardize the safety of products. Especially when it comes to dairy products.
This type of food requires certain important conditions of transportation. And above all, it is a car that is suitably equipped and supplied with all the necessary documents. For road transportation of milk in liquid form, special milk tankers are used, and transportation in spilled form (bags, bottles, etc.), as well as in the form of packaged dairy products (sour cream, cottage cheese, etc.) is carried out in isothermal vans. After all, these products are classified as perishable, so the transportation of dairy products requires compliance with a certain temperature regime.
To carry out the transportation of containers, the dairy uses special container trucks, at present there are only two such vehicles on the balance sheet of the enterprise. At the very beginning of the transport activity, the dairy was forced to resort to the services of private drivers and various individual transport depots, in the process of working with which it faced a number of specific difficulties.
First of all, difficulties arose due to the lack of the proper level of efficiency. And various car depots, in turn, accepted applications only 2 - 3 days before the direct implementation of the cargo transportation. Among other things, the problems were also in certain fluctuations in the cost of transportation.
It is also worth noting that not every driver was able to provide the documents necessary for carrying out transportation activities, which led to the need to significantly narrow the circle of partners to the number of car depots and drivers who had officially issued permits and licenses.
Another source of problems was the equipment, which was clearly in an improper, sometimes even deplorable, technical condition, and this, far from every time, could satisfy the requirements of the plant.
Having made a thorough analysis of the current situation, the plant decided to purchase its own equipment.
Transportation planning is one of the most important moments in the implementation of the entire transport process. This is due to the fact that with this approach, the cycle time of the commercial operation itself will be significantly reduced. In addition, this approach to the process has become necessary due to the ever-increasing cost of storage, as well as due to a certain need to respond to dynamically changing customer demand.
At the plant, the process of optimizing the design of the delivery of goods is completely handled by logistics. Among the tasks of logisticians are also the specification and specification of all organizational measures that are associated with the implementation of the transportation of goods, to ensure a significant reduction in transportation costs, timely delivery of goods, ensuring the most complete satisfaction of all requirements and preferences of the direct consignor. The planning of cargo transportation is based on the schedule and schedule for the implementation of the transportation itself, which are compiled on the basis of systematization of all agreements or contracts concluded with shippers, analysis of submitted applications for transportation, as well as on the study of direct cargo flows. The study of cargo flows involves a thorough analysis of all cargo transportation carried out over a certain period of time, not only on a single route, but also on the entire road network. The analysis of cargo flows can be selective and continuous. A continuous analysis is performed on all routes simultaneously, and a selective analysis is performed only on a single route.
Among the main methods for obtaining information on cargo flows, natural and reporting and statistical data are distinguished. Most often, it is the reporting and statistical method that is carried out on the basis of an analysis of data on income received from the transportation of products, as well as the mass of all transported products on the route.
Among the main tasks of JSC "Red October" in the process of organizing the transportation of products, the following should be distinguished:
Proper satisfaction of all the needs of customers in the implementation of transportation of products by road;
Providing quality customer service;
Compliance with all planned plans for the implementation of transportation of products;
Efficient operation of vehicles, increase in labor productivity indicators, significant reduction in transport costs and expenses;
Ensuring systematic profit.
Among other things, a quality system at the factory for transporting products ensures:
Careful coordination of the work of various departments and personnel of the plant;
Ensuring optimal organization of traffic;
Ensuring the shortest terms in the transportation of products;
Ensuring the most efficient operation of rolling stock of road transport;
Ensuring an appropriate level of transportation safety;
Ensuring the profitability of transportation.
During the transportation of products, a number of special events are carried out.
Firstly, a specific transportation route is drawn up and a scheme of this route is drawn up, in which all kinds of dangerous sections are indicated. As for the permissible length of the route for the transportation of goods by road, this indicator is determined in accordance with the established by current legislation time of work and rest of the driver, high-speed design standards and technology in the implementation of direct transportation.
Secondly, the brand and type of the automobile vehicle is selected, in accordance with the weather and climate conditions and the condition of the road surface.
Thirdly, a travel schedule is being developed. This is done on the basis of determining the most optimal values in the speed of the vehicle along the entire route, along its individual sections and between all stopping points.
Due to the short shelf life of milk and dairy products, their transportation is always clearly organized. Transportation of milk and dairy products is carried out around the clock, in strict accordance with the schedule agreed by the consignor and recipient.
All barrels, flasks, boxes and baskets in which dairy products are transported are sealed by the plant. The consignee must check the integrity of the seals on the hatches of tanks and containers, and only after that fill in the relevant documents on receipt of the products.
logistics transport transportation products
The consequence of increasing competition in the market for goods and services is an increase in the level of customer requirements. In such conditions, the development of any company focused on serving a large number of consumers must be very dynamic. Its goal is to provide services, the quality and volume of which will meet the expectations of customers. It is likely that even a company that has achieved the highest level of service in the market and frozen for a moment in complacent contemplation of the prospects and opportunities that are opening up will eventually have to see the backs of overtaking and rapidly retreating competitors. Regular studies of the preferences of economically active groups of Russian consumers show a gradual change in the criteria for choosing a service.
Undoubtedly low price and high quality of goods are still the most important in this list, but they are no longer just desirable, but rather indispensable for a competitive service. Today, consumers are increasingly paying attention to additional criteria, such as delivery time, the ability to receive the ordered goods at a clearly agreed time, as well as high-quality information support for the order fulfillment process.
While not all firms can offer their customers same day delivery of goods, the usual practice is next day delivery. However, it is obvious that at present service standards are becoming more stringent, and the company's position in the market will depend on the ability to meet them.
We will try to analyze and determine the factors that determine the timing of the execution of a client order, and suggest ways to improve the relevant processes using the example of Krasny Oktyabr OJSC.
Reducing the order-delivery cycle. When determining the duration of the "order-delivery" cycle, the interests of different departments of the company often collide. In the enterprise under consideration, the issue of interaction between the transport department and the marketing department is especially acute.
Sales managers are interested in delivering goods from the supplier to the place where the finished product is sold as quickly as possible. At the same time, transport workers are trying to organize the most economical route and tend to wait until the delivery vehicle is completely full. Obviously, it is necessary to take into account the opinions of both sides. The well-being of the entire company depends on the success of sales, and competent management of transport costs can significantly affect the final cost of goods. Of course, sales success also depends on the price of the product.
It is known that the cost of producing some goods is only about 10% of their value, while the share of delivery costs can reach 50%, and in some cases even more.
The increase in the amount of transport used is a natural consequence of the reduction in the “order-delivery” cycle due to the lengthening of the distance to each of the customers, the high probability of successively sending several cars to the same point and underutilization of resources. If you do not optimize the use of vehicles, costs can increase dramatically, which will negate the positive effect of increasing the level of service, and only modern logistics approaches can find the right solution to this complex two-criteria problem.
On the balance sheet of the dairy, as we have already discussed above, there are 7 milk trucks for the delivery of raw materials, 2 container trucks, 13 refrigerator trucks for the delivery of finished products. In general, the number of vehicles meets the needs of the enterprise today, but it is worth noting that out of 13 vehicles, only 7 have a carrying capacity of up to 3.5 tons to deliver products. In our opinion, the delivery of finished products to the point of sale would be faster and more economical if the number of vehicles with a carrying capacity of 3.5 tons increased to 10.
Next, consider the main parameters that affect the length of the "order-delivery" cycle.
The number of requests per day and the average order size are key parameters for determining the length of the order-delivery cycle. Obviously, the larger the orders and the more requests come in per unit of time, the shorter the optimal cycle, since the number of points in the route decreases. At the same time, the unit costs for delivery are also reduced due to the efficient use of vehicle resources.
composition of clients. Corporate customers are much more predictable than private ones. However, the advantage of serving individuals is usually a more flexible schedule (extended boundaries of the earliest and latest delivery). In addition, it is easier to agree with a private customer to transfer the order to another time in case of any problems.
Variety of assortment. The narrower the product range, the more stable the list of customers, the more complete the information about the product and order parameters, the more standard and familiar the packaging. Accordingly, the warehouse technologies used are much simpler, and the chances of failures and disruption of the rhythm of cycles are lower.
Standard shipping unit and service level. The choice of a standard shipment unit (wagon, container, pallet, factory packaging, etc.) significantly affects the ratio of "service level / cost of transport and storage technology". Wagons or containers usually do not require warehouse handling and in most cases can be delivered to the customer directly from the supplier. In this case, the duration of the cycle depends on the quality of information communication in the supply chain and the choice of reliable suppliers. When switching to sales by pallets or factory packaging, an additional stage of warehouse processing is introduced into the order fulfillment process, but at the same time the range of potential clients. The sale of piece goods from a warehouse requires the organization of intra-warehouse production (to convert an industrial assortment into a commercial one), picking, packaging and labeling areas. This lengthens the “order-delivery” cycle as much as possible, but allows achieving the highest attractiveness of the service in the eyes of customers.
Complex measures to improve the productivity of the delivery department depends, first of all, on the complexity of the task and may include both the adoption of organizational measures that reduce the influence of the human factor at all stages of order processing, and the almost complete automation of route planning, control and management of vehicles by the dispatch service.
The boundaries and location of service areas are determined by criteria such as ease of movement along the zone's road network, and the dimensions depend on maximum number orders that can be served by one vehicle.
The task of managers of the delivery department when using this method is not to plan routes (the driver himself determines the optimal order of delivery), but to update the parameters of the zones.
Transport standardization. The use of transport with standard parameters for each type of delivery (city center, etc.) facilitates the process of route formation and ensures complete interchangeability in case the driver is absent from work. The route is formed not for a specific car, characterized by unique features of the body, speed of movement and technical condition and driven by a specific driver, but for the brand of vehicles. At the same time, a change in the route sheet of the driver's surname and the state registration number of the car will not lead to the need to reformulate the finished transport module with the goods or adjusting the sequence of visiting points of the route.
It should also be noted that the use of GPS navigators on board the car will allow you to plot the route in advance and track the real location of the vehicle and reduce the number of frauds associated with draining fuel during vehicle downtime.
As noted above, on the balance sheet of the enterprise there are 2 cars that are not used in operation (they cannot be restored) and are subject to write-off. From this transport, the enterprise pays corporate property tax and transport tax, which are not justified expenses. Thus, these two cars should be sold for spare parts.
Further I would like to dwell on the technology of transportation.
Container shipments are widely used to transport food products directly from food enterprises, refrigerators to the trading floors of stores. At the same time, the constancy of temperature and other conditions is ensured along the entire route.
Apparently, there is not a single food product that is so delicate and vulnerable, starting to deteriorate literally from the first minutes of its appearance, like dairy products. Therefore, the preservation of milk, as an exceptional food product, should be considered an important task.
The production of dairy products must be balanced with their consumption. An important role in the overall complex of measures to preserve the original properties of these most valuable food products is played by the organization of transportation to the places of its processing and consumption. Not only the organoleptic properties of the products, but also their delivery time depend on the correctness of their implementation. Hence, ease and efficiency of transportation play a decisive role.
Refrigeration technologies and simplicity of devices, their rapid implementation and proper use of modern equipment for cooling milk and dairy products during their transportation make it possible to reduce labor costs, increase productivity and reduce product costs, as well as ensure the delivery of high quality products.
These conditions are met by container transportation, which is widely used for the transportation of food products, cooled with artificial ice, the technology for which is currently in most cases implemented in ice generators with ice freezing on the surface of a rotating drum. Exactly such container transportations are used by Krasny Oktyabr OJSC. But the disadvantages of this technology and device are obvious: one-sided cooling and freezing of the ice layer, dimensions and specific gravity of the device.
There is a study that established and substantiated the transportation of milk and dairy products in small-volume containers with granular ice while maintaining the cooling temperature for up to 8 hours and freezing granular ice in two- and three-phase fluidized beds, significantly reduces and reduces the size and weight of the ice maker . The results of this study made it possible to implement a simple design of the ice maker and such containers for intra-regional transportation of products and speed up the process of delivery to the place of consumption.
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A characteristic feature of the 21st century is the processes of globalization of the life of the world community. In relation to transport, this means that from now on all the advantages and disadvantages of the transport system of a country have not only internal, but also external manifestations. So, if the national transport system developed inadequately to market requirements (for example, throughput transport network insufficient for the development of existing and projected traffic volumes, there is no flexible tariff policy, etc.), then the country's export-import potential is reduced and, as a result, national welfare, at least, is not improving.
Introduction…………………………………………………………………...2
1. Theoretical foundations of transport logistics ……………………3
1.1 Economic essence, tasks and functions of transport logistics……………………………………………………………………..3
2. Use of vehicles………………………………...6
3. Features of transport logistics of the enterprise…………………8
4. Ways to improve transport logistics …………………..9
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………11
List of sources used………………………………
Files: 1 file
Vehicles and transport communications are characterized by high capital value. Therefore, the statement of the majority of scientists - economists, that the high investment component in transport is justified only with its effective use, is quite fair.
The constant growth in the volume of transportation of goods by road, including those owned by trade organizations and enterprises, necessitates a more efficient use of it.
Factors driving more intensive use of road transport include: improved use of vehicle capacity; increasing the shift ratio of transport; downtime reduction; improved mileage utilization; acceleration of loading and unloading operations.
Improving the use of the carrying capacity of vehicles is largely facilitated by the use of rational methods for placing goods in the back of a car, a well-thought-out development of routes for their delivery.
In this case, such a factor that characterizes the level of transportation organization falls out of sight. After all, it is no secret that in some cases the car, having gone for the goods, arrives with nothing, having made an idle run. And in other cases, transportation is organized in such a way that the goods are transported in both directions: in one direction for themselves, in the other side cargo of third-party organizations.
Even the transportation of own cargo in some cases can be organized so that the car will be loaded at both ends of the flight.
For example, when leaving for the goods, the car can be loaded with containers released after the sale of the goods. This will reduce the company's transport costs and distribution costs in general.
Therefore, to assess the operation of vehicles, one can also use such an indicator as the useful mileage coefficient (Kp), which should be calculated according to the following formula:
Kp=P2/P0 (5)
where P2 is the mileage with a load, km.
P0 - total mileage, km.
And of course, to assess the operation of vehicles, one should use such a general indicator as the cost of one ton-kilometer. It contains all the factors characterizing the level of use of the car.
For example, if the cost of a ton - a kilometer is low, then this clearly indicates not only the economical use of resources, but also the competent organization of transportation, the good technical condition of vehicles and their high technical readiness.
If the cost is high, then this assessment will be completely opposite.
In the transition to a market economy, when energy prices, including gasoline and diesel fuel, have risen sharply, special attention should also be paid to such an indicator as fuel consumption per 100 kilometers of a car run.
This indicator, as well as others, must be analyzed not only in dynamics over several years, but also compared with the same indicators for other related enterprises, as well as with regulatory data.
In particular, for all brands of cars, among other technical data, there is such an indicator as the fuel consumption rate per 100 kilometers.
The improvement of the use of cars is largely facilitated by the use of rational methods of placing goods in the body of a car, a well-thought-out development of routes for their delivery, the choice of the most suitable type of car for the transportation of a particular product and its carrying capacity.
An important condition for increasing the efficiency of the use of vehicles is an increase in the shift of its work, which can be achieved by extending the operating time of forwarding warehouses and dispatch services, as well as creating conditions for the night delivery of goods to trade enterprises.
It should be taken into account that the efficiency of transportation depends on a large number of factors. First of all, we are talking about the fact that not all goods use the carrying capacity of vehicles to the same extent. In this regard, all national economic goods are divided into 4 classes according to the degree of use of the carrying capacity of vehicles. The first class includes goods that ensure the loading of transport by 100%, the second - by 85%, the third - by 63%, and finally, the fourth class includes the goods that ensure the use of the carrying capacity of transport by less than 45%. The classification of all national economic goods is given in economic reference books.
Transportation indicators largely depend on the type of roads on which transportation is carried out. In this regard, all roads are divided into three groups.
The first group includes paved roads and one-way traffic with dividing lanes. The second group also includes roads with a hard surface, but also with oncoming traffic. There are more such roads than the first group. Finally, the third group of roads includes dirt roads.
The highest standards for the use of transport are set for the first group of roads, and vice versa - the lowest are set for the third group of roads.
The cost of transporting goods largely depends on the average distance of their transportation. The shorter the transportation distance, the lower the transportation costs, and vice versa.
All these factors and indicators must be taken into account when planning the rational organization of the transport of goods.,
3. Features of the transport logistics of the enterprise
In an effort to increase the efficiency of their work, enterprises have always tried to control the technological stages that precede or follow the main production. Transport logistics is the management of the transportation of goods, i.e. changing the location of material assets using vehicles. Internal transport logistics is engaged in intra-production transportation, and external transport logistics is engaged in the supply of enterprises and the marketing of their products.
To ensure the transportation of its products, 2 main types of transport are used: rail and road. The enterprise resorts to the services of railway transport quite rarely, in the case of concluding an agreement for the supply of products of a significant volume and over long distances, i.e. when it is impractical to carry out delivery by road transport.
Responsibilities to ensure the safety and proper operational readiness of all vehicles at the enterprise are assigned to the transport section, which in the course of work is guided by the Regulations on the transport section approved by the General Director. One of the functions of the site is the rational distribution of vehicles according to applications. Namely, the structural divisions of the enterprise submit applications indicating the category and weight of the cargo, route and other necessary information, and the head of the transport section distributes and allocates the appropriate transport.
Analysis and calculations on the efficiency of cargo transportation at the enterprise are carried out by the department of planning, economic and analytical work. So, for example, calculations were made on the profitability of using their own vehicles in comparison with the involvement of third-party carriers. The cost of transporting your own transport is more economical.
4. Ways to improve transport logistics.
Using your own auto train is beneficial and convenient in case of its rational use, efficient distribution of transport, and a clear logistics approach. The absence of these conditions is one of the important problems of the enterprise.
Firstly, the lack of end-to-end management of logistics functions, including planning, accounting, control. Each department is responsible for its own block, not caring about the final result for the entire enterprise. No comprehensive benchmarking is carried out and design materials are not being developed for a possible more efficient logistical approach.
Secondly, the lack of a link in the enterprise that is competent in the field of logistics, which is necessary for building supply chains in order to minimize costs and, accordingly, reduce the cost of production.
For example, in a number of cases, the transport sent to deliver the goods to the buyer arrives back empty-handed, having made an empty run, which could have been avoided if the company’s specialists had worked out the possibility of finding a return, for example, by delivering passing cargo to third-party organizations.
Considering that the car is empty on the way back, the entire cost of transportation costs falls entirely on the cost of production.
I consider it expedient to consider the issue of the possible exclusion of an idle run, thereby minimizing the cost of transporting products. There are several options for resolving this issue:
a) Currently, there are many resources, including Internet resources, offering the search for transport and cargo in various directions. Knowing in advance the time of delivery of the goods, you can find an enterprise that needs to deliver the goods.
b) It is advisable to consider and study the possibility of working out a route with a stop on the way back to these enterprises for the necessary products. To do this, it is necessary to draw up a chain by comparing the needs for the supply of materials to the plant with the terms of shipment of goods, i.e. interaction of structural divisions for sales and supply is required;
c) Consider the issue of concluding a parallel contract for the purchase of the company's products
Getting additional profit from the provision of transport services will allow the company to cover its own costs for the supply of products and, accordingly, increase profits.
However, in the process of organizing this type of activity by an enterprise, namely the provision of transport services to third parties, many questions arise. How to set the price for transport services, given that they will be different in nature and will be provided sporadically, when transport is not loaded during the implementation of the main activity? What kind of documents does the company need to have for the provision of transport services?
It is also quite difficult for an organization that does not specialize in road transportation to comply with all the requirements that are put forward to the licensee when obtaining a license and further carrying out such activities.
For all types of transport services that the organization plans to provide, tariffs should be developed and approved. For a non-specialized organization, the development of transportation tariffs is a rather complicated process.
Solving issues related to finding ways to more efficiently use the company's vehicles requires detailed study, economic calculations, analysis and control, for which it is necessary to single out a logistics link in the enterprise (department, sector or, at least, a logistics manager) that would the organization of the production of the right product of the right quality, the right quantity at the right time in the right place to the right buyer at minimal cost. At the initial stage, the management of the enterprise should set the task for this link to work out and make specific reasonable proposals for the efficient and economical use of the transport fleet.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, we can say that transport is one of the key industries of any state. The volume of transport services largely depends on the state of the country's economy. However, transport itself often stimulates an increase in the level of activity of the economy. It releases the opportunities hidden in the underdeveloped regions of the country or the world, allows you to expand the scale of production, link production and consumers.
The main task of transport is the timely, high-quality and complete satisfaction of the needs of the national economy and the population in transportation. The formation and development of market relations impose new requirements on the organization of transportation, enterprise management systems and the assessment of the results of its activities.
Our country is beginning to gain momentum in the development of the transport system, which gives us the opportunity to hope in the near future to improve the condition of roads, improve the level of service and the quality of transport itself.
FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION
State educational institution
higher professional education
VYATKA STATE UNIVERSITY
Evening-correspondence faculty
Department of Management and Marketing
Transport logistics
(on the example of OOO KF Slobodskaya)
Explanatory note
to the course work on the discipline
"Logistics"
Performed by a student of the EKM-933 group ____________ / I.I. Rychkova /
(signature)
Head: __________________________ / O.V. Skopin/
(signature)
The work is protected with an assessment of "__________" "____" _________ 2010.
Commission members
_______________________________/________________________/
(signature)
________________________________/________________________/
(signature)
Introduction 3
1. Theoretical aspects of transport logistics 5
1.1. Essence and tasks of transport logistics 5
1.2. Logistic communications in transport operations 8
2. Analysis of the state of transport logistics in LLC "KF "Slobodskaya" 11
2.1. Brief description of OOO KF Slobodskaya 11
2.2. Characteristics of the transport logistics system of the enterprise 18
2.3. Analysis of enterprise traffic flows 21
3. Project of measures to improve transport logistics in OOO KF Slobodskaya 24
3.1. Identification of the main directions for improving transport logistics at the enterprise 24
3.2. Designing measures to reduce costs in the process of transporting goods to OOO KF Slobodskaya 25
3.3. Calculation of the effectiveness of project activities 27
Conclusion 31
References 33
Annex 35
Introduction
Transport logistics - moving the required amount of goods to the right point, by the optimal route for the required time and at the lowest cost. Transport is a link between the elements of logistics systems, carrying out the movement of material resources. The cost of creating any product is the sum of the cost of production and the cost of performing all the work from the moment the materials are purchased to the moment the product is purchased by the end user. Most of the cost is the so-called "transition price", that is, the mark-up of each link in the chain manufacturer - end customer. The markup for such a transition can be 15 - 20%.
The movement of the material flow from the primary source of raw materials to final consumption is carried out using various vehicles. The cost of these operations can reach up to 50% of the total logistics costs.
Transport is presented as a system consisting of two subsystems: transport intended for public use and transport for non-public use.
Public transport serves the sphere of circulation and the population. This type of transport is often called the main one (the main line is the main, the main line in some system, in this case, in the communication system). The concept of public transport covers urban transport, rail transport, water transport (sea and river), road, air and pipeline transport.
Non-public transport - intra-industrial transport, as well as vehicles of all types belonging to non-transport enterprises, is, as a rule, an integral part of any production systems.
Transport is an integral part of production and trade processes. Therefore, the transport component is involved in many technological processes, performing the tasks of the logistics system. At the same time, there is a fairly independent transport area of logistics, in which multidimensional coordination between the participants in the transport process can be considered outside of direct connection with the associated production and storage areas of the material flow.
The tasks of transport logistics primarily include tasks, the solution of which enhances the coordination of actions of the direct participants in the transport process.
The presence of a single operator of the end-to-end transportation process, which performs a single function of managing the end-to-end material flow, creates the opportunity to effectively design the movement of the material flow, achieving the specified output parameters.
The purpose of this course work is to review the methods of transport logistics in the enterprise.
In accordance with the goal, the following tasks were set:
consideration of the theoretical foundations of transport logistics at the enterprise;
consideration of the organizational and economic characteristics of the enterprise under study;
consideration of the organization of transport logistics at the enterprise at the enterprise under study.
The object of the study is OOO KF Slobodskaya, the subject of which is baking.
Study period: 2006-2008
When writing the work, methods were used: monographic, abstract-logical, analysis.
The sources of information were the works of domestic and foreign authors in the field of commercial logistics.
1. Theoretical aspects of transport logistics
1.1. Essence and tasks of transport logistics
From the point of view of specialization and cooperation of production, the study of transport cannot be limited to the sphere of individual material and technical relations. It must be considered throughout the supply chain - from the primary supplier to the final consumer, including intermediate stages. And, finally, in order to minimize costs, it is proposed to expand the concept of "logistics concept", including the entire life cycle of products - from the design stage to the use of secondary raw materials and waste.
The policy of deregulation of road transport and the application of the "just in time" system contributed to the expansion of the scope of its activities. This is especially noticeable in the United States with its relatively long transportation routes compared to Western European countries and Japan. In the United States, cars have become increasingly used not only for short and medium distances, but also for distances up to 1600 km - for the delivery of both components and finished products. Because of this, the share of road transport in the development of cargo transportation has slightly increased. To the greatest extent, this applies to motor transport firms working under contracts. The latter stipulate incentives and penalties regarding the quality of transport, and this contributes to raising the standards for the services provided.
Nevertheless, according to foreign experts, this does not mean that in the new conditions of demand for transportation, the role of rail transport is doomed to decline. On the contrary, its qualitative characteristics, such as the regularity and speed of trains in direct traffic (in the European region, this is international transportation), can be very useful. Moreover, in order to speed up the delivery of goods by rail, the use of container transportation, containers and route trains can be expanded. It will be expedient to carry out operations for compiling trains at a limited number of marshalling yards. Of paramount importance for increasing the use of the carrying capacity of wagons is the consolidation of goods.
The use of inland water transport in the logistics chain is largely limited by the seasonality of its operation in a number of countries. However, inland waterways can be used as an alternative mode of transport compared to road transport, which is subject to constraints such as bans on weekends, road taxes, etc. Through the use of a just-in-time system the possibilities of attracting water transport have expanded compared to those cases when the emphasis was on increasing the speed of delivery.
The introduction of the logistics concept into the practice of world economic relations will, to a certain extent, increase the volume of cargo transportation by sea and especially by air in intercontinental communication. The growth of air transportation in domestic communications is not ruled out. For example, in the United States, by the early 1990s, the demand for air transport increased in 29% of firms using the "just in time" system, and only 5% of firms abandoned its services.
In logistical systems operating "strictly on schedule", the main factor that ensures efficient work on the lines of supply and marketing of inventory items is the new services of road and rail companies for the collection and distribution of goods. Such transport enterprise services provide faster transport over long distances from suppliers to manufacturers or end product markets and often eliminate the links that exist in traditional picking systems. As a result, operations are usually less expensive and provide a higher quality of service than competing distribution methods. In addition, companies using the new services are directly benefiting, such as reduced order processing cycle times and the replacement of inventory storage with traffic. Given the above, it is of interest to take a closer look at the policy of transport enterprises, which led to a change in the nature of the activities of the latter.
The main provisions of logistics that are typical for manufacturers and consumers of products (consumer priority, a high level of service, reduced order lead time, etc.) fully apply to transport industry enterprises involved in logistics systems. A distinctive feature of their work in the new conditions of competition in the market of transport services is the development of a policy for a comprehensive solution of transport and related problems at a different, qualitatively high level. Practice shows that such a policy is successful if it is sufficiently differentiated and based on such basic components as: the provision of non-traditional new additional services, a communications policy and a contracting policy.
The policy of services provided includes all decisions and actions aimed at the integrated implementation of the transport process. This means that the organization of cargo transportation, taking into account the distance of their transportation, the quantity and delivery time, is planned along with the provision of additional services to customers.
The experience of many transport companies that have adopted the logistics concept shows that the policy of additional services that are not directly related to transportation is of great importance and gives positive results. It increases the potential to attract customers, increase profits, accelerate the introduction of more advanced transport technologies and improve customer service in constant contact with the carrier, as well as strengthen the company's position in the transport services market.
In turn, industrial firms that have entrusted some of their functions to transport enterprises prefer to specialize in their core activities in order to increase its efficiency and are ready to pay for qualified services of third-party firms to perform a number of logistics functions. Industrial firms see in this process their main benefit - the reduction of total costs and especially the reduction of the wage bill. In addition, along with purely economic factors, cargo owners receive more a high degree freedom of maneuver. Thus, increasing commercial flexibility is very valuable for industries operating in markets distributed over large territories and suffering losses from untimely switching of commodity flows in accordance with fluctuations in demand.
According to some logistics experts, the main reason hindering the expansion of interaction between industrial and transport companies in the field of logistics is the danger that the cargo owner will lose control over the movement of raw materials and finished products. At the same time, it should be noted that this reason is apparently of a subjective nature, and one can expect its influence to decrease as the experience of joint work is accumulated and mutual trust is strengthened. This is confirmed by the fact that at present the process of transferring logistics functions to transport companies from manufacturing companies is rapidly developing. This trend is likely to continue in the future.
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