In the Volga region, most of the electricity is generated by nuclear power plants. Rumors about the accident at the Balakovo nuclear power plant provoked panic in the Volga region. Rostov NPP: resumption of construction contrary to public opinion

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The fuel and energy complex produces almost a third (27% in 1996) of the region's gross output. In the Volga region, about 100 billion kWh of electricity is generated annually - approximately 10% of its total Russian production. In terms of the volume of electricity produced, the region is second only to the Central, Ural, East Siberian and West Siberian regions. The area is surplus in electricity production.

The electric power industry of the Volga region is represented by three types of stations: hydroelectric, thermal and nuclear. On its territory are powerful hydroelectric power stations Volga-Kama cascade: Volgograd (2530 thousand kW) and Nizhnekamsk (1080 thousand kW).

HPPs of the Volga-Kama cascade play an important role in covering peak loads in the energy system of the European part of the country. Electricity is transmitted via power transmission line-500 of alternating current Togliatti - Moscow and Volgograd - Moscow. Communications with the Urals are stable, carried out through the power line-220. Transmission lines-500 Nizhnekamsk HPP - Cheboksary - Nizhny Novgorod were built. The development of oil refining and the chemistry of organic synthesis in the area required the creation of a powerful heat and power industry. The main fuel for these stations is fuel oil produced in the region, energy coal from Kuzbass and natural gas from the Orenburg field. The largest thermal power plants are Zainskaya KES (2.4 million kW), Nizhnekamskaya, Novokuibyshevskaya, Tolyattinskaya CHPPs (250 thousand kW each) and Balakovskaya CHPP (200 thousand kW).

A qualitatively new stage in the electric power industry of the Volga region began in connection with the construction of the Balakovo NPP (capacity 4 million kW).

The leading oil and gas energy chemical cycle in the industry of the Volga region is the largest in the country in terms of production scale and completion. It includes the entire technological chain of sequential oil and gas processing - from their extraction to the production of various chemical products and products from them. The development of the cycle was facilitated, first of all, by the presence of a powerful raw material base. Petrochemical industries were able to develop rapidly due to the good supply of water, fuel and energy resources. An important role was also played by the position of the region in the center of the European part of the country, in close proximity to the main consumers of products, as well as good transport accessibility.

The main oil fields of the Volga region are located in the Republic of Tatarstan, Samara, Volgograd and Saratov regions. The fields clean oil from water, salts, prepare it for further processing, there are installations for complex oil treatment, with the help of which, using a wide fraction of oil stabilization, hydrocarbon raw materials are extracted. Associated petroleum gases are also utilized here, from which liquefied gases and natural gasoline are produced at the Minnibaevsky (Tatarstan) and Otradnensky (Samara region) gas and gasoline plants. The content of heavy hydrocarbons in associated petroleum gas reaches 25%. The percentage of its utilization at the factories of the Volga region is the highest in the country (more than 80%). Further processing of oil and gas is carried out at refineries, where fuel is obtained from them (motor gasoline, diesel fuel, fuel oil), lubricating oils, liquefied gases (propane, butane, isobutane, etc.) are valuable raw materials for chemical industries. Largest enterprises there are oil refineries in the Samara region: the Syzran plant (which arose on the basis of the Baku oil refinery evacuated during the war years), the Kuibyshev plant and the Novokuibyshev petrochemical plant, the Volgograd oil refinery - the country's leader in the production of lubricating oils. About 15% of the production of oils in Russia is concentrated here, and the volume of production of aviation and gear oils account for 20 and 50% of their total Russian production, respectively. Oil refining is in Saratov; a technological plant for oil refining was created at the Nizhnekamsk petrochemical plant. The region's refineries are characterized by high quality manufactured products - a large proportion of unleaded gasoline, low sulfur content. At present, not only the Volga region oil is processed in the region, but also oil supplied via the Aktau-Samara, Samotlor-Tyumen-Kurgan-Ufa-Almetyevsk oil pipelines.

Oil production and processing are carried out by several oil companies. Most of the production (66%) is carried out by the oil production association Tatneft JSC with a production volume of 25 million tons.

The main oil refining companies are the largest vertically integrated oil companies Russia, for example, OJSC Lukoil, Sidanko.

Hydrocarbons are used to produce mineral fertilizers, synthetic ethyl alcohol, synthetic rubber, plastics, etc.

The oil and gas energy chemical cycle of the Volga region is characterized by a high territorial concentration of production. Several large petrochemical hubs have developed in the region. Combinations of petrochemical industries in their most complete form arose within the Samarskaya Luka: in Samara, Novokuibyshevsk, Syzran, Togliatti. Novokuibyshevsk Petrochemical Plant is the largest producer of synthetic alcohol, high and low pressure polyethylene. In Togliatti there are factories for the production of synthetic rubber, mineral fertilizers. The largest in the world has been created in Nizhnekamsk universal complex petrochemical industries producing synthetic rubber, styrene, polyethylene; a tire factory was built. The Nizhnekamsk Petrochemical Plant operates the country's most powerful installations for the processing of a wide fraction of hydrocarbons. An organic synthesis plant for the production of high and low pressure polyethylene was built in Kazan. Partially using the petrochemical raw materials of the Volgograd oil refinery, they work chemical enterprises in the cities of Volgograd and Volzhsky. The Volga Chemical Plant produces synthetic rubber, alcohol, artificial fiber; organized the production of tires and rubber products. At the Volgograd Chemical Combine, based on the processing of salt and natural gas, the production of soda, caustic, chlorine, pesticides, acetylene, fertilizers, organochlorine products, PVC and epoxy resins. There is a smaller combination of chemical industries in Saratov (synthetic alcohol, artificial fibers), Engels and Balakovo (artificial fibers). The Astrakhan gas complex operates on the basis of the Astrakhan gas condensate field, including gas fields and a gas processing plant. The complex is specialized in the production of technical gas sulfur, motor gasoline, diesel and boiler fuel, propanobutane fraction.

Poldi Pezzoli Museum
The museum houses the collection of Count Gian Giacomo Poldi-Pezzoli, handed over to the city at the end in 1881. Its most significant part is the paintings of the old masters: portraits of Luther and his wife by Lucas Cranach, the famous profile portrait of a Florentine girl with long neck unknown author...

forest resources
Forests are the national wealth of the people, a source of wood and other types of valuable raw materials, as well as a stabilizing component of the biosphere. They have a very great aesthetic and recreational (restorative) value. Rational use and forest conservation is currently gaining...

Water resources
Due to their unique physical and chemical properties water is widely used in all branches of industrial and non-industrial spheres. Pure fresh waters are of the greatest value, the deficit of which in Ukraine is becoming more and more noticeable. The water resources of the republic are surface (rivers, lakes, ...

When scientists invented the light bulb and the dynamo car in the nineteenth century, the demand for electricity increased. In the twentieth century, the need was compensated by burning coal in power plants, and when it increased even more, new sources had to be found. Thanks to innovative research, current is obtained from environmentally friendly sources. There are 5 largest hydroelectric power plants, thermal power plants and nuclear power plants in Russia.

HPP - hydroelectric power plant. In each of them, energy is produced from induction current. It appears when the conductor rotates in the magnet, while water does the mechanical work. Hydroelectric power plants are dams that block rivers, control the flow, from which energy is drawn.

5 largest hydroelectric power plants in Russia

Sayano-Shushenskaya them. P. S. Neporozhny on the river. Yenisei in Khakassia: 6,400 MW. It has been operating since December 1985 under the management of JSC RusHydro.
Krasnoyarskaya 40 km from Krasnoyarsk: 6,000 MW. It has been operating since 1972 under the management of OAO Krasnoyarskaya HPP, owned by Oleg Deripaska.
Bratskaya on the river. Angara in the Irkutsk region: 4,500 MW. Works since 1967 under the leadership of OAO Irkutskenergo Oleg Deripaska.
Ust-Ilimskaya on the river. Angara: 3,840 MW. He has been working since March 1979 under the leadership of Irkutskenergo OJSC Oleg Deripaska.
Volzhskaya on the river. Volga: 2,592.5 MW. It has been operating since September 1961 under the leadership of JSC RusHydro.

TPP is a thermal power plant. Electrical energy is generated by burning fossil fuels. Thermal power plants generate more than 40% of the world's electricity. The fuel used in Russia is coal, gas or oil.

5 largest thermal power plants in Russia

Surgutskaya GRES-2 in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug: 5,597 MW. Works since 1985 under the leadership of Unipro PJSC.
Reftinskaya GRES in Reftinskiy village (Sverdlovsk region): 3,800 MW. Works since 1963 under the leadership of Enel Russia.
Kostroma GRES c. Volgorechensk: 3,600 MW. Works since 1969 under the leadership of Inter RAO.
Surgutskaya GRES-1 in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug: 3,268 MW. It has been operating since 1972 under the leadership of OGK-2.
Ryazanskaya GRES in Novomichurinsk: 3,070 MW. It has been operating since 1973 under the leadership of OGK-2.

NPP - nuclear power plant. Although it is dangerous, it is clean, unlike hydroelectric power plants and thermal power plants. Electricity comes from the consumption of a small amount of fuel - Uranus, Plutonium. Nuclear power plants are concrete chambers where heat is generated due to the decay of radioactive elements. High temperatures lead to the evaporation of water, and the steam begins to rotate the turbines, as in a hydroelectric power station.

5 largest nuclear power plants in Russia

Balakovo in Balakovo (Saratov region): 4,000 MW. Works since December 28, 1985 under the leadership of Rosenergoatom.
Kalininskaya in Udomlya (Tver region): 4,000 MW. It has been operating since May 9, 1984 under the leadership of Rosenergoatom. The director is Ignatov Viktor Igorevich.
Kursk on the Seimas in Kursk: 4,000 MW. Works since December 19, 1976 under the leadership of Rosenergoatom.
Leningradskaya in Sosnovy Bor (Leningrad region): 4,000 MW. Works since December 23, 1973 under the leadership of Rosenergoatom.
Novovoronezhskaya: 2,597 MW, planned - 3,796 MW. Works since September 1964 under the leadership of Rosenergoatom.

There are now nine nuclear power plants in Russia, and all of them are working. Eight of them are part of the Rosenergoatom system, one (Leningrad NPP) is an independent operating organization.
Rosenergoatom includes the following NPPs:
Balakovo (Balakovo, Saratov region - four reactors);
Novovoronezhskaya (Novovoronezh, Voronezh region - three reactors);
Kursk (Kurchatov, Kursk region - four reactors);
Smolensk (Desnogorsk, Smolensk region - three reactors);
Kalininskaya (Udomlya, Tver region - two reactors);
Kolskaya (the city of Polyarnye Zori, Murmansk region - four reactors);
Beloyarskaya (Zarechny, Sverdlovsk region - one reactor);
Bilibinskaya (Bilibino village, Magadan Region - four reactors). (The number of operating reactors is indicated in brackets. - A.K.)
The Obninsk NPP in the Kaluga region is not industrial and operates as an experimental station of a scientific center.
The oldest power unit has been in operation since 1971 at the Novovoronezh NPP, the youngest - since 1993 in Balakovo. Estimated term service of all stations - 30 years. However, a preliminary check of the power units showed that they are all safe and their work can be continued.
Prospects for the development of Russia's nuclear power industry are determined by the Federal Target Program "Development of the Russian Nuclear Power Industry Complex for 2007-2010 and up to 2015" and other documents
According to these programs, by 2025 the share of electricity generated at the country's nuclear power plants should increase from 16 to 25%, 26 new power units will be built.

Work is currently underway at the following sites:

Rostov NPP, power unit No. 2, commissioning plan - 2009;
- Kalinin NPP, power unit No. 4, commissioning plan - 2011;
- Beloyarsk NPP, power unit No. 4 (BN-800), commissioning plan - 2012;
- Novovoronezh NPP-2, power units No. 1,2, commissioning plan - 2012 and 2013;
- Leningrad NPP-2, power units No. 1 and 2, commissioning plan - 2013 and 2014.
- The selection of sites for the placement of Seversk NPP (Tomsk region), Central NPP (Kostroma region), Baltic NPP (Kaliningrad region), Yuzhnouralsk NPP (Chelyabinsk region) is nearing completion.

Balakovo NPP

Location: Saratov region

Balakovo NPP is the largest electricity producer in Russia. It generates more than 30 billion kWh of electricity annually (more than any other nuclear, thermal and hydroelectric power plant in the country). Balakovo NPP provides a quarter of electricity generation in the Volga Federal District and a fifth of the generation of all nuclear power plants in the country. Its electricity is reliably provided to consumers in the Volga region (76% of the electricity supplied by it), the Center (13%), the Urals (8%) and Siberia (3%). Electricity from Balakovo NPP is the cheapest among all NPPs and thermal power plants in Russia. The installed capacity utilization factor (ICUF) at the Balakovo NPP is over 80 percent.
Balakovo NPP is a recognized leader in the nuclear power industry in Russia, it has repeatedly been awarded the title of "Best NPP in Russia" (according to the results of work in 1995, 1999, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 and 2007). Since 2002, the Balakovo Nuclear Power Plant has had the status of a branch of Energoatom Concern OJSC (before the FSUE Rosenergoatom Concern was corporatized) federal agency(until March 2004 - Ministry of the Russian Federation) for atomic energy.
The main activity of the NPP management is to ensure and improve safety during operation, protect the environment from the influence of the technological process, reduce costs in the production of electricity, improve the social protection of personnel, and increase the plant's contribution to the socio-economic development of the region.

Beloyarsk NPP

Location: Sverdlovsk region, Zarechny
Total capacity of 1 block: 600 MW
Beloyarsk NPP named after I.V. Kurchatov is the first-born of the big nuclear power industry of the USSR. The station is located in the Urals.
Three power units have been built at the Beloyarsk NPP: two with thermal neutron reactors and one with a fast neutron reactor.
Power unit 1 with the 100 MW AMB-100 reactor was shut down in 1981, power unit 2 with the 200 MW AMB-200 reactor was shut down in 1989. The fuel from the reactors has been unloaded and is in long-term storage in special cooling pools located in the same building with the reactors .
At present, the third power unit with a BN-600 reactor with an electric power of 600 MW, put into operation in April 1980, is in operation - the world's first industrial-scale power unit with a fast neutron reactor.

Bilibino NPP

Location: Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Bilibino
Total capacity of 3 units: 48 MW
The Bilibino NPP is the central link in the Chaun-Bilibinsky energy center and is connected by a 110 kV overhead line with the Chaunskaya CHPP (Pevek) and the Chersky substation (Zeleny Mys). In addition to these overhead lines, there is a 35 kV overhead line network through which power is supplied to local consumers. The station generates both electricity and thermal energy, which is supplied to the heat supply of the city of Bilibino. Bilibino NPP is the first nuclear power plant beyond the Arctic Circle and the only one in the permafrost zone. In 2005, the plant operated at 35% of the installed capacity, in 2006 - 32.5%.

The source of household - drinking and technical water supply of the Bilibino NPP is the reservoir on the Bol stream. Ponneurgen, located three kilometers east of the industrial site. The reservoir provides the water needs of the industrial site, the city of Bilibino and other NPP facilities and is retained by an earth dam.

Rostov (Volgodonsk) NPP

Location: Rostov region, Volgodonsk
Total capacity of 4 units: 4000 MW
The first stone at the construction site of the Volgodonsk NPP was laid on October 28, 1977. Full-scale construction of the station, originally called Volgodonskaya, began in 1979 after a thorough study of seven possible sites.
For installation at the Rostov NPP, a water-to-water power reactor of the VVER-1000 vessel type has been selected. Reactors of this type are among the safest and are widely used at nuclear power plants in Russia and Ukraine - for many years they have been operating reliably at Balakovskaya (4 units), Novovoronezhskaya (1 unit), Kalininskaya (1 unit), Zaporizhskaya (6 units), Yuzhno -Ukrainian (1 block), Khmelnytsky (2 blocks) and Rivne (1 block) NPP, proving its safety and efficiency. Russian VVER-1000 reactors are also installed at the operating Kozloduy NPP (Bulgaria, 2 units) and the Temelin NPP under construction (Czech Republic, 2 units). Work began on the construction of nuclear power plants with VVER-1000 in Iran, and China and India became actively interested in Russian reactors.
Reactors of a similar type are used in most nuclear power plants in the world.
During the construction of the Rostov NPP, inspections of the progress of its construction were repeatedly carried out, documenting the quality of the work performed.
On the wave of well-known post-Chernobyl sentiments, the Rostov Regional Council of People's Deputies in June 1990. adopted a decision, which states: "... to consider the construction of a nuclear power plant in the territory of the Rostov region at the present stage as unacceptable."
Based on the decision of the regional Council, the construction of the Rostov NPP was suspended by the minutes of the meeting with the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR Silaev I.S. and Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR Ryabev L.D. on August 29, 1990. In the same protocol, the State Committee for Nature Protection was instructed to ensure the environmental impact assessment of the project and the constructed facilities of the Rostov NPP in accordance with the resolution of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
In pursuance of this decision, an additional section of the Rostov NPP project on the environmental safety of the plant was developed - "Assessment of the impact of RosNPP on environment(OVOS)", which was transferred in 1992 to the Ministry of Ecology and natural resources RF for the State Ecological Expertise.
Based on a comprehensive analysis of the design and other materials, the State Environmental Expert Commission came to a conclusion about the environmental safety of the Rostov NPP. The positive conclusion of the State Expertise is legal basis to resume construction of the station. On July 21, 1998, this was recognized by the Decree of the Legislative Assembly of the Rostov Region. At present, the 1st and 2nd power units of the Rostov NPP are scheduled for commissioning in accordance with the "Program for the Development of Nuclear Energy" approved by the Government of the Russian Federation in July 1998. Russian Federation for 1998-2005 and for the period up to 2010.

Kalinin NPP

Location: Tver region, Udomlya

In the mid-70s of the XX century, when the construction of a nuclear power plant began in the quiet patriarchal Udomlya, the rapid development of the city began. In 1981, the village became a city of district, and in 1986 of regional subordination.
Over 30 years of construction and operation of the KNPP, a modern city has been built among picturesque lakes and forests: with a developed infrastructure, an education and medical service system, a network of cultural and educational institutions, an excellent base for physical education and sports, good conditions for the development of small and medium businesses.
The Kalinin Nuclear Power Plant provides electricity to the largest regions of the central part of Russia. Over 22 years of operation, the station has generated over 250 billion kWh of electricity.
The share of electricity generated at the KNPP is about 60 percent of its total production in the Tver region. 25 percent marketable products, produced in the region, falls on the share of the Kalinin NPP.
Putting the third power unit into operation provided additional revenues to the region in the form of property tax, deductions to the 30-kilometer zone in the amount of 2 billion rubles. In addition, in the process of completing the construction of power unit No. 3, Energoatom Concern OJSC (before the FSUE Rosenergoatom Concern was corporatized) invested in the economy and social sphere Tver region more than 1.5 billion rubles.
Based on the results of 2002, the Kalinin Nuclear Power Plant was awarded the title of "The Best NPP in Russia". In 2003 and 2004, KNPP was in second place.
4th power unit
The construction of the second stage of the Kalinin NPP, which included power units No. 3 and No. 4 with a VVER-1000 reactor, began in 1984.
By order of the Ministry of Atomic Energy and Industry in 1991, the construction of power unit No. 4 was suspended and mothballed in a state of 20% construction readiness. And only after almost a decade, the question of the need to resume the construction of the block was raised again. The developing Russian economy required the introduction of new generating capacities.

Kola NPP

Location: Murmansk region, Polyarnye Zori
Total capacity of 4 units: 1760 MW

The history of the construction of the Kola NPP began in the 60s of the twentieth century. The rapid development of the region's industry required additional energy resources. The Kola Peninsula had no other sources of electricity, except for hydro resources, which were already almost completely used. It was decided to build the first nuclear power plant in the Arctic.
During survey work in 1963, on the shore of Lake Imandra, a site was chosen for the construction of a nuclear power plant. 1967 - Gosstroy of the USSR approved the design assignment for the construction of the Kola NPP. On May 18, 1969, the first cubic meter of concrete was laid at the base of the station. In 1968, Alexander Romanovich Belov was appointed director of the station under construction. To the position of chief Construction Department entered Alexander Stepanovich Andrushechko.
The hard and well-coordinated work of the entire team of builders, installers, adjusters and operators was crowned with success: on June 29, 1973, the first power unit of the Kola Nuclear Power Plant was launched.
In the year of its launch, the station generated 1 billion kWh of electricity.
The construction of power units continued at a rapid pace. On December 8, 1974, the second power unit was launched, on March 24, 1981, the third, and on October 11, 1984, the fourth.
To date, the main supplier of electricity for the Murmansk region and Karelia is the Kola nuclear power plant. The nuclear power plant is located 200 kilometers south of Murmansk on the shores of Lake Imandra, one of the largest and most picturesque lakes in Northern Europe. Currently, the station operates 4 power units with a capacity of 440 MW each, which is about 50% of the total installed capacity of the region. The station can generate more than 12 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity per year. The generation of electricity at a nuclear power plant annually releases millions of tons of fossil fuel, eliminating the harmful effects of combustion products on the environment. To date, the capacities of the Kola NPP have not been fully utilized, which creates prerequisites for the development of the region's industry.

NPP awards:
2006 Best NPP in the field of safety;
2006 2nd place in the contest "Best NPP at the end of the year";
2007 2nd place in the competition "Best NPP at the end of the year";
2008 Best NPP in the field of safety culture;
2008 2nd place in the competition "Best NPP at the end of the year".

Kursk NPP

Location: Kursk region, Kurchatov
Total capacity of 4 units: 4000 MW

The Kursk Nuclear Power Plant is located 40 kilometers west of the city of Kursk, on the banks of the Seim River. Kurchatov is located 3 km from the station.
The decision to build the Kursk Nuclear Power Plant was made in the mid-1960s. Start of construction - 1971. The need for construction was caused by the rapidly developing industrial and economic complex of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (Staro-Oskolsky and Mikhailovsky mining and processing plants and other industrial enterprises region). General projector: Moscow branch of Atomenergoproekt. Chief designer of the reactor: NIKIET Institute, Moscow. Academic Supervisors: Russian Research Center "Kurchatov Institute". The construction of the 1st and 2nd stages was carried out by the Construction Department of the Kursk Nuclear Power Plant (now LLC Association Kurskatomenergostroy).
The Kursk Nuclear Power Plant is a single-loop type plant: the steam supplied to the turbines is generated directly in the reactor by boiling the coolant passing through it. As a heat carrier, ordinary purified water circulating in a closed circuit is used. Cooling pond water is used to cool the exhaust steam in the turbine condensers. The surface area of the reservoir is 21.5 km2.
As part of the two operating stages of the Kursk nuclear power plant, 4 RBMK-1000 power units (1-4 power units) are being operated, the 3rd stage is being built.
The installed capacity of each power unit is 1,000 MW (electric). The power units were put into operation: the 1st power unit - in 1976, the 2nd - in 1979, the 3rd - in 1983, the 4th - in 1985.
The Kursk nuclear power plant is among the top three nuclear power plants of the country equal in terms of power, and in terms of the amount of electricity generated, it is in the top four power plants of all types in Russia, including, in addition to the Balakovo and Leningrad nuclear power plants, the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP.
The Kursk Nuclear Power Plant is the most important node of the Unified Energy System of Russia. The main consumer is the Center energy system, which covers 19 regions of the Central Federal District. The share of the Kursk nuclear power plant in the installed capacity of all power plants in the Chernozem region is 52%. It provides electricity to 90% of industrial enterprises in the Kursk region.
In May 2008, the cooling pond of Stage III of the Kursk NPP was commissioned to meet the technical water needs of power unit No. 5 under construction and power unit No. 6 planned for construction. .
The new reservoir holds about 50 million cubic meters of water. Water from cooling reservoirs of nuclear power plants is involved in technological process electricity production. Its use ensures the operation of heat exchange equipment and technical systems NPP protection and does not harm the environment.

Leningrad NPP

Location: Leningrad region, Sosnovy Bor
Total capacity of 4 units: 4000 MW

The station includes 4 power units with an electric capacity of 1000 MW each, the 1st and 2nd power units (first stage) are located approximately 5 km southwest of the city of Sosnovy Bor, the 3rd and 4th power units (second stage) are two kilometers to the west.
The grandeur of this structure can be judged by the fact that the construction volume of only one main building of the first stage of the station is 1,200,000 m 3, the height of the reactor block reaches 56 m, and the length of the main facade is more than 400 m.

The Leningrad NPP was laid down on July 6, 1967. On December 23, 1973, members of the State Selection Committee accepted the first power unit into operation. In 1975, the second block of the Leningrad NPP was launched and construction of the second stage of the station began. Work on the construction of the second stage began on May 10, 1975. The first installation work on the third block were launched on February 1, 1977.
On December 26, 1980 at 8:30 pm, the reactor of the fourth unit was physically launched, and on February 9, 1981, shortly before the opening of the XXVI Congress of the CPSU, the fourth power unit was put under industrial load.
Over the years of successful operation, and in 2002 the Leningrad NPP will celebrate its 30th anniversary, the station has generated over 600 billion kWh. electricity - and this is a record figure for a power plant in Europe.
Each power unit of the station includes the following main equipment:
RBMK reactor with a circulation loop and auxiliary systems;
2 turbine units of the K-500-65/3000 type with a steam and condensate-feed path;
2 TVV-500-2 type generators. .
Reactor and his auxiliary systems housed in separate buildings. The machine room is shared by 2 power units. Auxiliary workshops and systems for two power units are common and geographically located near each of the queues (2 power units) of the plant.
The total area occupied by the Leningrad NPP is 454 hectares.

Novovoronezh NPP

Location: Voronezh region, Novovoronezh
Total capacity of 3 units: 1880 MW

The decision to build a nuclear power plant was made in May 1957.
September 1964 - power launch of the unit;
December 1964 - bringing the unit's capacity up to the design one (210 MW);
January 1966 - development of an increased power level (240 MW);
December 1969 - testing and operation of the power unit at a capacity of up to 280 MW.
With the launch of the first block of the Novovoronezh NPP on September 30, 1964, the countdown began in the history of nuclear energy in our country and European countries. Although the capacity of the power unit, according to modern concepts, was small, at the level of that time it was the most powerful nuclear power unit in the world.
1 power unit of the Novovoronezh NPP, created as a pilot industrial unit, clearly demonstrated the advantages of using nuclear energy, the reliability and safety of NPP operation
On December 30, 1969, the 2nd power unit of the Novovoronezh NPP was put into operation. The reactor plant for the 2nd power unit (VVER-365) was the basis for the transition to the construction of serial units with VVER.
In December 1971, the launch of the third power unit was carried out.
In 1972, power unit No. 3 reached its design capacity, and in December the power start-up of the next fourth unit was carried out.
A new page in the history of the station began - the construction of the country's first power unit with a VVER-1000 reactor, which gave current on May 31, 1980.
A series of units with VVER-440 reactor plants was built at the Kola, Armenian, Rovno NPPs, as well as abroad - in Bulgaria, Hungary, Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Finland. The head power unit No. 5 has become serial for the South-Ukrainian, Kalinin, Zaporozhye, Balakovo, Rostov NPPs, as well as for the Kozloduy NPP in Bulgaria.
In the meantime, the life of the design operation of the first two power units of the NPP was coming to an end. In August 1984, after the expiration of the commercial operation of the reactor vessel, the first unit was shut down to carry out work on reconstruction and modernization.
In 1986, after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the USSR nuclear power plant safety concept was revised and work on the modernization of unit No. 1 was stopped.
Based on the existing operating experience, the technical policy of the administration of Novovoronezh NPP for a long time was associated with the issues of modernization and reconstruction of units 3 and 4, the design operation period was also coming to an end. Thanks to great job for the modernization of systems and equipment aimed at improving safety, Minatom of Russia in 2001-2002. It was decided to extend the life of Units 3 and 4 for 15 years.

Smolensk NPP

Location: Smolensk region, Desnogorsk
Total capacity of 3 units: 3000 MW

Annually, the station delivers an average of 20 billion kWh of electricity to the energy system, which is 13% of the electricity generated by ten nuclear power plants in the country.
Today, Smolensk NPP is the largest city-forming enterprise in the Smolensk region, the share of revenues to the regional budget of which is more than 30%.
There are three power units with uranium-graphite channel reactors RBMK-1000 of the second and third generations in commercial operation at the Smolensk NPP.
The first power unit was commissioned in 1982, the second - in 1985, the third - in 1990.
Electric capacity of each power unit is 1000 MW, thermal capacity is 3200 MW.
In 2007, Smolensk Nuclear Power Plant was the first NPP in Russia to receive an international certificate of conformity of the quality management system to the ISO 9001:2000 standard.
In order to extend the service life of the Smolensk NPP, planned and current repairs with the implementation of a large amount of work on the reconstruction and modernization of equipment.
All power units are equipped with an accident localization system that excludes releases of radioactive substances into the environment.
In preparing the material, information was used from the site rosenergoatom.ru

Leningrad NPP, located 80 km. west of St. Petersburg is one of the largest power plants in Russia. Despite this, in recent

For years, work has been underway on the construction of the Leningrad NPP-2. Thus, in 2015 it is planned to start work on the construction of the second stage of the Leningrad NPP-2. What is the reason for the constant increase in the capacity of nuclear power plants in Leningrad region? What are the reasons for this process? Name at least two socio-economic reasons.

1. What is called groundwater?

2. What are the differences between groundwater and interstratal waters?
3. Give a comparative description of lowland and mountain rivers.
4. What is called the river system?
5. Describe how old lakes and lakes of volcanic origin are formed.
6. What is a glacier?
7. What is a moraine?

Please make these testies! Beg! I beg you! I'll be very thankful!!! 1. The largest country in Europe in terms of population: a)

b) Ukraine

c) Germany

d) Great Britain.

2. The backbone of industry countries Western Europe are:

a) mining industry

b) production of mineral fertilizers

c) copper smelting

d) mechanical engineering.

3. Of the listed countries, the European Union includes:

a) Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro

b) Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine,

c) Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia

d) Albania, Croatia.

4. The following specializes in the cultivation of barley and hops:

a) Germany

b) the Netherlands

c) France

d) Italy.

5. The largest share of Russian export products falls on:

a) fuel and energy raw materials

b) engineering products

d) food.

6. Crop production is the leading industry Agriculture:

a) Germany

b) Italy

In Great Britain

d) Switzerland.

a) Spain

b) Ukraine

c) France

d) Poland.

8. The population of most European countries is characterized by:

a) the first type of reproduction, high population density and urbanization

b) the second type of reproduction, high population density

c) the first type of reproduction, low level of urbanization

d) the second type of reproduction, low population density and urbanization.

9. Of the listed countries outside the European Union:

a) Norway, Iceland

b) Germany, France

c) Sweden, Ireland

d) Slovakia, Slovenia.

10. Potato is the main export crop:

a) Ukraine

b) Germany

c) Romania

d) Belarus.

11. The largest share of export products of Moldova falls on:

a) chemicals

b) engineering products

c) agricultural products

d) fish and canned fish.

12. The largest share of electricity generated at nuclear power plants in

a) Poland

b) Norway

c) Iceland

d) France.

13. Determine the correctness of the above statement: "Specialists define the demographic situation in Russia as a crisis due to a natural decrease in the population."

14. Determine the correctness of the above statement: "France ranks first in the world in terms of the number of foreign tourists visiting the country annually."

15. Read the text and determine which European country in question: “This is a country of volcanoes, geysers and glaciers. Even the name of the country in translation means "ice country".

16. Read the text and determine the name of one of the European capitals: “This is one of the largest financial, commercial and cultural centers not only in Europe, but throughout the world. The city is often referred to as the "Venice of the North". Literally, the name of the city is translated as "dam on the river Amstel".

17. Establish a correspondence between seaports and countries:

a) Liverpool, Glasgow, Bristol

b) Rostock, Wismar, Lübeck, Kiel

c) Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin

d) Barcelona, Valencia, Tarragona.

1) Poland;

2) Germany;

3) the Netherlands;

4) UK;

5) Spain.

18. Establish a correspondence between tourism centers and countries:

a) Yaroslavl, Zagorsk, Kostroma

b) Krakow, Sopot, Zielona Gora

c) Karlovy Vary, Prague

d) Zurich, Geneva.

1) France;

2) Russia;

3) Poland;

4) Switzerland;

19. Set the sequence of countries by area, starting with the largest:

a) Estonia

b) Andorra

c) Romania

Nuclear physics, which arose as a science after the discovery in 1986 of the phenomenon of radioactivity by scientists A. Becquerel and M. Curie, became the basis of not only nuclear weapons, but also the nuclear industry.

Start of nuclear research in Russia

Already in 1910, the Radium Commission was established in St. Petersburg, which included well-known physicists N. N. Beketov, A. P. Karpinsky, V. I. Vernadsky.

The study of radioactivity processes with the release of internal energy was carried out at the first stage of the development of nuclear power in Russia, in the period from 1921 to 1941. Then the possibility of neutron capture by protons was proved, the possibility of a nuclear reaction by

Under the leadership of I. V. Kurchatov, employees of the institutes of various departments have already carried out specific work to implement chain reaction in the fission of uranium.

The period of creation of atomic weapons in the USSR

By 1940, vast statistical and practical experience had been accumulated, which allowed scientists to propose to the country's leadership the technical use of huge intra-atomic energy. In 1941, the first cyclotron was built in Moscow, which made it possible to systematically study the excitation of nuclei by accelerated ions. At the beginning of the war, the equipment was transported to Ufa and Kazan, followed by employees.

By 1943, a special laboratory of the atomic nucleus appeared under the leadership of I. V. Kurchatov, the purpose of which was to create a nuclear uranium bomb or fuel.

The use of atomic bombs by the United States in August 1945 in Hiroshima and Nagasaki created a precedent for the monopoly possession of superweapons by this country and, accordingly, forced the USSR to speed up work on creating its own atomic bomb.

The result of organizational measures was the launch of Russia's first uranium-graphite nuclear reactor in the village of Sarov (Gorky region) in 1946. It was at the F-1 test reactor that the first nuclear controlled reaction was carried out.

An industrial plutonium enrichment reactor was built in 1948 in Chelyabinsk. In 1949, a nuclear plutonium charge was tested at the test site in Semipalatinsk.

This stage became preparatory in the history of the domestic nuclear power industry. And already in 1949 were started design work to build a nuclear power plant.

In 1954, the world's first (demonstration) nuclear plant of relatively small capacity (5 MW) was launched in Obninsk.

An industrial dual-purpose reactor, where, in addition to generating electricity, weapons-grade plutonium was also produced, was launched in the Tomsk region (Seversk) at the Siberian Chemical Combine.

Russian nuclear power industry: types of reactors

The nuclear power industry of the USSR was initially focused on the use of high-power reactors:

Channel reactor on thermal neutrons RBMK (high power channel reactor); fuel - slightly enriched uranium dioxide (2%), reaction moderator - graphite, coolant - boiling water purified from deuterium and tritium (light water).
A thermal neutron reactor enclosed in a pressurized vessel, fuel - uranium dioxide with an enrichment of 3-5%, moderator - water, it is also a coolant.
BN-600 - fast neutron reactor, fuel - enriched uranium, coolant - sodium. The only industrial reactor of this type in the world. Installed at the Beloyarsk station.
EGP - thermal neutron reactor (energy heterogeneous loop), operates only at the Bilibino NPP. It differs in that the overheating of the coolant (water) occurs in the reactor itself. Recognized as unpromising.

In total, ten nuclear power plants in Russia today operate 33 power units with a total capacity of more than 2,300 MW:

with VVER reactors - 17 units;
with RMBC reactors - 11 units;
with BN reactors - 1 unit;
with EGP reactors - 4 blocks.

List of NPPs in Russia and Union Republics: commissioning period from 1954 to 2001

1954, Obninskaya, Obninsk, Kaluga region. Appointment - demonstration-industrial. Reactor type - AM-1. Stopped in 2002
1958, Siberian, Tomsk-7 (Seversk), Tomsk region Purpose - the production of weapons-grade plutonium, additional heat and hot water for Seversk and Tomsk. Type of reactors - EI-2, ADE-3, ADE-4, ADE-5. Finally stopped in 2008 by agreement with the United States.
1958, Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoyarsk-27 (Zheleznogorsk). Types of reactors - ADE, ADE-1, ADE-2. Purpose - heat generation for the Krasnoyarsk Mining and Processing Plant. The final stop occurred in 2010 under an agreement with the United States.
1964, Beloyarsk NPP, Zarechny, Sverdlovsk region. Reactor types - AMB-100, AMB-200, BN-600, BN-800. AMB-100 stopped in 1983, AMB-200 - in 1990. Operating.
1964, Novovoronezh NPP. Reactor type - VVER, five units. The first and second are stopped. Status - active.
1968, Dimitrovgradskaya, Melekess (Dimitrovgrad since 1972), Ulyanovsk region Types of installed research reactors - MIR, SM, RBT-6, BOR-60, RBT-10/1, RBT-10/2, VK-50. Reactors BOR-60 and VK-50 generate additional electricity. The suspension period is constantly extended. Status is the only station with research reactors. Estimated closure - 2020.
1972, Shevchenkovskaya (Mangyshlakskaya), Aktau, Kazakhstan. BN reactor, shut down in 1990.
1973, Kola NPP, Polyarnye Zori, Murmansk region. Four VVER reactors. Status - active.
1973, Leningradskaya, City of Sosnovy Bor, Leningrad Region. Four RMBK-1000 reactors (the same as at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant). Status - active.
1974 Bilibino NPP, Bilibino, Chukotka Autonomous Territory. Types of reactors - AMB (now stopped), BN and four EGP. Active.
1976 Kursk, Kurchatov, Kursk region Four RMBK-1000 reactors have been installed. Active.
1976 Armenian, Metsamor, Armenian SSR. Two VVER units, the first one was stopped in 1989, the second one is in operation.
1977 Chernobyl, Chernobyl, Ukraine. Four RMBK-1000 reactors have been installed. The fourth block was destroyed in 1986, the second block was stopped in 1991, the first - in 1996, the third - in 2000.
1980 Rivne, Kuznetsovsk, Rivne region, Ukraine. Three units with VVER reactors. Active.
1982 Smolenskaya, Desnogorsk, Smolensk region, two units with RMBK-1000 reactors. Active.
1982 South Ukrainian NPP, Yuzhnoukrainsk, Ukraine. Three VVER reactors. Active.
1983 Ignalina, Visaginas (formerly Ignalina district), Lithuania. Two RMBC reactors. It was stopped in 2009 at the request of the European Union (when joining the EEC).
1984 Kalinin NPP, Udomlya, Tver region Two VVER reactors. Active.
1984 Zaporozhye, Energodar, Ukraine. Six units per VVER reactor. Active.
1985 Saratov region Four VVER reactors. Active.
1987 Khmelnytsky, Netishyn, Ukraine. One VVER reactor. Active.
year 2001. Rostov (Volgodonsk), Volgodonsk, Rostov region By 2014, two units are operating at VVER reactors. Two blocks under construction.

Nuclear power after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant

1986 was a fatal year for this industry. The consequences of the man-made disaster turned out to be so unexpected for mankind that the closure of many nuclear power plants became a natural impulse. The number of nuclear power plants around the world has decreased. Not only domestic stations, but also foreign ones, which were being built according to the projects of the USSR, were stopped.

List of nuclear power plants in Russia, the construction of which was mothballed:

Gorky AST (heating plant);
Crimean;
Voronezh AST.

List of Russian NPPs canceled at the stage of design and preparatory earthworks:

Arkhangelsk;
Volgograd;
Far Eastern;
Ivanovskaya AST (heating plant);
Karelian NPP and Karelian-2 NPP;
Krasnodar.

Abandoned nuclear power plants in Russia: reasons

The location of the construction site on a tectonic fault - this reason was indicated by official sources during the conservation of the construction of Russian nuclear power plants. The map of seismically intense territories of the country singles out the Crimea-Caucasus-Kopetdag zone, Baikal rift, Altai-Sayan, Far East and Amur.

From this point of view, building Crimean station(readiness of the first block - 80%) was started really unreasonably. The real reason for the conservation of other energy facilities as expensive was the unfavorable situation - the economic crisis in the USSR. At that time, many industrial facilities were mothballed (literally abandoned for plunder), despite their high readiness.

Rostov NPP: resumption of construction contrary to public opinion

The construction of the station was started back in 1981. And in 1990, under pressure from the active public, the regional Council decided to mothball the construction site. The readiness of the first block at that time was already 95%, and the 2nd - 47%.

Eight years later, in 1998, the original project was adjusted, the number of blocks was reduced to two. In May 2000, construction was resumed, and already in May 2001, the first unit was included in the power grid. So next year the construction of the second was resumed. The final launch was postponed several times, and only in March 2010 was it connected to the power system of the Russian Federation.

Rostov NPP: Unit 3

In 2009, a decision was made to develop the Rostov nuclear power plant with the installation of four more units based on VVER reactors.

Taking into account the current situation, the Rostov NPP should become a supplier of electricity to the Crimean peninsula. Unit 3 in December 2014 was connected to the power system of the Russian Federation so far with a minimum capacity. By the middle of 2015, it is planned to start its commercial operation (1011 MW), which should reduce the risk of undersupply of electricity from Ukraine to Crimea.

Nuclear power in modern Russia

By the beginning of 2015, all of Russia (operating and under construction) are branches of the Rosenergoatom concern. Crisis phenomena in the industry with difficulties and losses were overcome. By the beginning of 2015, 10 nuclear power plants are operating in the Russian Federation, 5 ground-based and one floating station are under construction.

List of Russian NPPs operating at the beginning of 2015:

Beloyarskaya (beginning of operation - 1964).
Novovoronezh NPP (1964).
Kola NPP (1973).
Leningradskaya (1973).
Bilibinskaya (1974).
Kurskaya (1976).
Smolenskaya (1982).
Kalinin NPP (1984).
Balakovskaya (1985).
Rostovskaya (2001).

Russian NPPs under construction

Baltic NPP, Neman, Kaliningrad region. Two units based on VVER-1200 reactors. Construction started in 2012. Start-up - in 2017, reaching the design capacity - in 2018.

It is planned that the Baltic NPP will export electricity to European countries: Sweden, Lithuania, Latvia. The sale of electricity in the Russian Federation will be carried out through the Lithuanian energy system.

World Nuclear Power: A Brief Overview

Almost all nuclear power plants in Russia have been built in the European part of the country. The map of the planetary location of nuclear power plants shows the concentration of objects in the following four areas: Europe, Far East(Japan, China, Korea), Middle East, Central America. According to the IAEA, about 440 nuclear reactors were operating in 2014.

Nuclear power plants are concentrated in the following countries: