Psychological features of deviant behavior of a police officer. Deviant behavior and types of its manifestations among cadets and students of educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia as an object of socio-psychological analysis. Formulate conclusions on research

4. Organizational. They include the distribution of rights and obligations, as well as responsibilities between the participants in official, disciplinary relations, the establishment of incentives and punishments, the motivation of official activities.

To ensure and maintain official discipline means to stop its violations, to prevent them, to take measures to eliminate the causes that give rise to them, to punish the guilty, to create an atmosphere of inevitability of responsibility, to educate employees of internal affairs bodies in the spirit of the strictest observance of the law. An important role in ensuring official discipline is played by the norms regulating the duties and rights of officials, as well as control and verification of performance.

§ 2. Psychological components

disciplinary offense

The basis of disciplinary responsibility of police officers is a disciplinary offense, which is one of the types of offenses.

A disciplinary offense is understood as a guilty illegal act (action or inaction), expressed in non-performance or improper execution an employee of the internal affairs bodies on official duties or in violation of the prohibitions in their performance or the general requirements for official discipline, and caused harm to the activities of the internal affairs bodies.

The psychological attitude of the employee to the committed offense is the subjective side of the disciplinary offense. It has a particular shape guilt, motive and purpose .

As in other types of liability, guilt expresses the psychological attitude of a person to the unlawful action (inaction) committed by him and the result caused by it. Guilt consists in the fact that a person foresees or should have foreseen the harmful consequences of his act and wishes their occurrence or is indifferent to their occurrence. In the concept of "guilt" there are two aspects: intellectual and volitional.

The intellectual aspect characterizes the attitude of a person to his behavior from the point of view of his awareness of the illegality of the act and the prediction of a harmful result, the Volitional aspect - from the point of view of desire or indifference to the onset of illegal consequences.

Depending on the combination of intellectual and volitional aspects, the following forms of guilt are distinguished: intent (direct or indirect) and negligence (frivolity or negligence).

Failure to perform certain duties by an employee may be the result of both an inattentive, careless attitude to these duties, and a lack of skills or certain knowledge.

An offense is recognized as committed with direct intent if the employee was aware of the socially dangerous nature of his action or inaction, foresaw its harmful consequences and desired their occurrence.

When committing an offense with indirect intent, the employee is also aware of the socially dangerous nature of his action or inaction, foresees the onset of harmful consequences, and although he does not want to, he consciously allows their occurrence.

Most violations of official discipline, legality and crimes are committed by police officers with direct or indirect intent. Thus, violation of the deadlines for consideration of citizens' applications for crimes committed, unreasonable writing off of materials into the case without permission in the procedure for considering criminal cases, official forgery and unreasonable refusal to initiate a criminal case - all these illegal actions are veiled forms of hiding crimes from registration and can only be committed intentionally.

Frivolity occurs in cases where a police officer does not foresee the possibility of socially dangerous consequences of his action or inaction, but frivolously counts on their prevention.

In case of negligence, a police officer does not foresee the possibility of socially dangerous consequences of his action or inaction, although he should have and could have foreseen them. With negligence, the volitional side is generally absent, because, without foreseeing harmful consequences, one cannot speak of any attitude towards their occurrence. The intellectual aspect here is that the employee, subject to a prudent attitude to his duties, could and should have foreseen the wrongfulness of his own misconduct.

Frivolity and negligence are most often manifested in traffic accidents, unauthorized leaving of the duty station. For the same reasons, as a rule, there is a loss of service firearms, service certificates, careless shooting.

The purpose of the offense is the representation of the employee about the desired result, which he strives to achieve, allowing violations of official discipline. The goals can also be different: the goal of causing moral and physical damage to a citizen, the goal is to unlawfully bring a person to criminal or administrative responsibility etc.

The motive for the offense is an internal psychological reason that causes the employee’s determination to commit a violation of official discipline. According to their content and form of manifestation, they can be different: self-interest, revenge, jealousy, envy, hooligan motives, misunderstood interests of the service, and others.

When analyzing a disciplinary offense, it is necessary to take into account the psychological components, since the absence of at least one of the above components in the offense indicates the absence of a disciplinary offense in the actions of a police officer and excludes any responsibility.

Chapter II . Personal characteristics and behavioral manifestations of violators of official discipline

§ 1. Deviant behavior of employees

as a cause of violations of official discipline

According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, the number of violations of official discipline and legality by employees of the internal affairs bodies continues to remain at a high level. In this regard, the organization of the prevention of violations of official discipline and legality among police officers prone to deviant behavior is of particular importance and significance.

Deviant behavior - this is behavior that differs from the norms or standards accepted in society and does not meet social expectations. In turn, social expectations are conditioned by the concepts of a person's social status, his ethnic and cultural affiliation, age, gender.

In order to assess the types, forms and structure of deviant (deviant) behavior, it is necessary to imagine what kind of social norms they can deviate from.

The norm is a phenomenon of group consciousness in the form of ideas shared by the group and the most frequent judgments of group members about the requirements for behavior, taking into account their social roles, creating optimal conditions for being, with which these norms interact and, reflecting, form it. Allocate legal, moral, aesthetic norms.

Deviant behavior is one in which there are deviations from at least one of the social norms. Deviant human behavior can be defined as a system of actions or individual actions that contradict the norms accepted in society and manifest themselves in the form of an imbalance in mental processes, non-adaptation, a violation of the process of self-actualization, or in the form of evasion from moral and aesthetic control over behavior.

The characteristics of a person's character directly affect his behavior. In modern psychological research, three features are named that make up the content of the concept of "people with deviant behavior."

1. Deviation from the norm of behavior.

2. Behavior is not easily corrected, corrected.

3. The need for an individual approach to employees on the part of managers, the team.

1.1. The influence of individual personality traits

police officers for propensity to violate

service discipline

Among law enforcement officers with a low level of efficiency professional activity and prone to disciplinary violations, with a high degree of probability, the following psychological types can be distinguished: passive dependent , impulsive-aggressive, rigid-paranoid and hyperthymic personality .

Passive-dependent personalities are inhibited, with reduced activity. They are characterized by a passive personal position, a tendency to constant reflection, inertia in decision-making, skepticism, self-doubt, conformity, the desire to follow prescriptions and instructions in everything. The main features of this type are chronic anxiety, fearfulness, extreme indecision and a tendency to doubt. Possible failures and danger, which sometimes exist only in their imagination, frighten them more than what is happening in reality. Increased anxiety is combined with complete disbelief in one's abilities, fear that at the right time there will not be enough strength to cope with life's difficulties. People of this type always doubt everything. They endure any changes and violations of the usual stereotype of life with difficulty. As protection against constant anxieties and painful doubts, they develop pedantry, excessive punctuality and petty accuracy. Fearing for the future, they try to foresee and foresee everything in advance, come up with special rules and instructions, the implementation of which should prevent any surprises. It is recommended that such persons not be appointed to positions associated with constant neuropsychic stress, conditions of confrontation, great responsibility, the need for quick decision-making, and flexibility of behavior. Correction of the behavior of such employees should be associated with the focus of measures to increase self-esteem and self-confidence. It is necessary to achieve a reduction in the hypertrophied sense of responsibility, to explain that “he who does nothing is not mistaken”, to cultivate strong-willed qualities: courage, perseverance, determination, purposefulness.

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Ethnic features of deviant behavior of employees of internal affairs bodies

Content

Introduction
Chapter 2
2.1 Factors of professional deformation of employees of internal affairs bodies
2.2 The influence of ethnic characteristics on professional activities and deviant behavior
Chapter 3
3.1 Organization and research methods
A technique for diagnosing motivation for achieving success and avoiding failure. Questionnaire T. Ehlers.
3.1.1 Methodology for diagnosing the motivation to achieve success and avoid failure.Questionnaire T. Ehlers
3.2 Study of the propensity to deviant behavior of people of different ethnic cultures: analysis and interpretation of data
3.3 Comparative analysis

Introduction

Professional deformation of the personality of an internal affairs officer is a change in the professional capabilities and personality of an employee in an asocial direction, resulting from negative features of the content, organization and conditions of work.

The phenomenon of professional deformation of the personality has a negative impact on the motivation of employees' official behavior and has a wide range of manifestations. The phenomenon of professional deformation changes the attitude towards offenders in the range from complete rejection (aggression, rudeness, rudeness) to permissiveness, non-official ties with criminal elements, moral and material dependence on them, assuming illegal obligations, which ultimately leads to antisocial behavior and legal conflicts.

The extreme degree of professional deformation of the personality of an internal affairs officer is professional degradation, when violation of the law, immorality, antisocial behavior or professional impotence makes further service in the internal affairs bodies impossible.

In the systematics of personality anomalies, personality deformation refers to forms that, by their phenomenological features, go beyond the limits of the norm, but do not reach the degree of pathology. The term "personality deformation" has not yet had an unambiguous definition and, to a greater extent, is of a collective nature. In most cases, negative professional deformation begins to take on the character of deviant behavior.

The problem of deviant behavior is one of the most important for the future of Russia and all of humanity, because. after some time, having received a superficial and one-sided education, an ill-mannered generation without sufficient understanding, and sometimes with a complete absence of moral standards.

The purpose of our study is to study the ethnic characteristics of the deviant behavior of employees of the internal affairs bodies.

The object of the study is the deviant behavior of employees of the internal affairs bodies.

The subject of the study is the ethnic features of the deviant behavior of employees of the internal affairs bodies.

The hypothesis of the study is that there are differences in the manifestation of deviant behavior of employees of internal affairs bodies of various ethnic groups.

Research objectives:

1. Conduct a theoretical analysis of the problem of deviant behavior, consider the biological and social prerequisites for the formation of deviant behavior, analyze the theory of deviant behavior.

2. Consider the factors of professional deformation and the influence of ethnic characteristics on the professional behavior of employees of the internal affairs bodies.

3. Conduct a study of the risk and manifestations of deviant behavior of employees of internal affairs bodies of various ethnic groups.

4. To identify differences in the manifestation of deviant behavior of employees of internal affairs bodies of various ethnic groups.

5. Formulate conclusions on the study and identify ways to prevent deviant behavior of employees of internal affairs bodies, taking into account their ethnic groups.

Research methods: questioning, testing. Methods:

"MLO - 02" Adaptability;

Diagnosis of the need for new sensations test "Zuckerman";

Methodology for diagnosing a personality for motivation for success and avoiding failure (Ehlers);

Methodology for researching Internet addiction;

Test "Tendency to addictive behavior" Mendelevich V.D.

deviant behavior employee ethnic

Chapter 1. Theoretical analysis of the problem of deviant behavior

§ 1 The concept and signs of deviant behavior

It is common for the whole world, social being and every person to deviate from the axis of their development, existence. The reason for this deviation lies in the peculiarities of the relationship and interaction of a person with the outside world, the social environment and himself. The diversity arising on the basis of this property in the psychophysical, sociocultural, spiritual and moral state of people and their behavior is a condition for the flourishing of society, its improvement and the implementation of social development.

The process of socialization (the process of assimilation by an individual of patterns of behavior, social norms and values necessary for his successful functioning in a given society) reaches a certain degree of completeness when a person reaches social maturity, which is characterized by the acquisition of an integral social status by a person (a status that determines a person's position in society). However, in the process of socialization failures and failures are possible. A manifestation of the shortcomings of socialization is deviant (deviant) behavior - these are various forms of negative behavior of individuals, the sphere of moral vices, deviation from the principles, norms of morality and law. The main forms of deviant behavior include delinquency, including crime, drunkenness, drug addiction, prostitution, and suicide. Numerous forms of deviant behavior indicate a state of conflict between personal and public interests. Deviant behavior is most often an attempt to leave society, to escape from everyday life problems and hardships, to overcome a state of uncertainty and tension through certain compensatory forms. However, deviant behavior is not always negative. It may be associated with the desire of the individual for something new, an attempt to overcome the conservative, which hinders moving forward. Deviant behavior may include different kinds scientific, technical and artistic creativity.

Evaluation of any behavior always involves its comparison with some kind of norm. There are various approaches to the assessment of behavioral norms and deviations: normocentric, involving the assessment of human activity from the standpoint of its compliance with the norm - social, psychological, ethno-cultural, age, gender, professional, phenomenological and nosocentric (psychiatric), considering behavior from the position of searching for and detecting symptoms of the disease , psychopathology.

Statistically, the norm of mental health of adolescents and young men, according to most psychological tests, is somewhat different than for adults.

From the point of view of the adolescent himself, behavior considered by adults as deviant is considered "normal", reflects the desire for adventure, recognition, testing the boundaries of what is permitted.

Based on the key provisions of the works of domestic and foreign scientists (West, Jenkins, Nissen, Pataki, etc.), it should be recognized that it is expedient to divide deviant behavior into criminal (criminal) and immoral, immoral (not bearing criminal responsibility).

A nosocentric (psychiatric) approach came to psychology from medicine, considering behavior from the standpoint of searching for and detecting symptoms of an illness, psychopathology. In this case, the norm is the absence of pathology, and deviant behavior implies the presence of overt or covert psychopathology. Within the framework of the psychiatric approach, deviant forms of behavior are considered as premorbid (premorbid) personality traits that contribute to the formation of certain mental disorders and diseases.

It is necessary to consider various nosocentric approaches to assessing the behavioral norm and deviation. If in the natural sciences they are guided by the "norm-point" (for example, the normal temperature of the human body is 36.70C), then in the social sciences the "norm" is the interval, "the optimal zone within which the system does not go to the pathological level." I .AND. Gilinsky defines a social norm as a limit historically established in a particular society, a measure of acceptable behavior.

In accordance with social approach Deviant should include behavior that is dangerous to society and the surrounding people.

The ethnocultural approach considers deviations through the prism of the traditions of a certain community of people: a deviant is one whose behavior differs from the norms accepted in his microsociety; those who exhibit behavioral rigidity are unable to adapt to new ethno-cultural conditions. Since the criteria for deviations are embedded in culture, the need to operate with the concept of "deviation" arises when comparing traditions with innovations, when the ongoing asocial phenomena begin to be perceived as a "new" norm.

Deviant behavior within the framework of the gender approach can be considered hyper-role behavior, inversion of gender style patterns, change in sexual orientations.

A professional approach to assessing behavioral norms and deviations is based on the idea of the existence of professional and corporate behavioral styles and traditions. A professional norm is a technical standard, a set of rules for physicians, united by the "Hippocratic oath", a model of behavior for a typical representative of a certain profession. Their violation is regarded as deviation.

Behavior that does not correspond to age patterns and traditions, which is a consequence of acceleration, retardation, and heterochrony of development, can be accepted as deviant. Having a standard that fixes the typical features of a child of a certain chronological age allows us to consider each individual child as a variant, more or less deviating from the main type. Taking into account the standard - a child of the mass type of age development - L.S. Vygotsky singled out a retarded child, a primitive child with a developmental delay of sociocultural origin, and a disorganizer child (both "difficult and gifted"). An adolescent with deviant behavior is, as a rule, a disorganizer child.

The psychological approach considers deviant behavior in connection with intrapersonal conflict, destruction and self-destruction of the personality, blocking of personal growth and degradation of the personality.

The phenomenological (personal) paradigm allows us to note that in practice, psychologists often encounter not deviant, but unacceptable, rejected, rejected behavior by adults. Thus, the label "deviant" among teachers is given to undisciplined children who constantly attract attention, cause the greatest concern with the use of obscene and slang vocabulary, occasional use of alcohol, tobacco, and fights.

It should be emphasized that from the point of view of the adolescent himself, certain age and personality characteristics make it possible to consider behavior considered by adults as deviant as "normal" game situations that reflect the desire for extraordinary situations, adventures, gaining recognition, testing the boundaries of what is permitted. The search activity of a teenager serves to expand the boundaries of individual experience.

With certain reservations, the category of gifted can also be attributed to deviants, since both of them stand out sharply among their peers, both in real life and in educational institutions among the objects of frontal pedagogical influences. It is no coincidence that a significant closeness is noted between a creative and deviant personality (especially with addictive behavior). This is a special type - "excitation seeker". The difference lies in the fact that for genuine creativity, pleasure is the process of creativity itself, and for the deviant variety of search activity, the main goal is the result - pleasure.

Consider different types of social deviations.

1. Cultural and mental deviations. Sociologists are primarily interested in cultural deviations, that is, deviations of a given social community from the norms of culture. Psychologists are interested in mental deviations from the norms of personal organization: psychoses, neuroses, and so on. People often try to associate cultural deviations with mental ones. For example, sexual deviations, alcoholism, drug addiction and many other deviations in social behavior are associated with personal disorganization, in other words, with mental deviations. However, personal disorganization is far from the only cause of deviant behavior. Usually, mentally abnormal individuals fully comply with all the rules and norms adopted in society, and, conversely, for individuals who are mentally quite normal, very serious deviations are characteristic. The question of why this happens is of interest to both sociologists and psychologists.

2. Individual and group deviations.

o individual, when an individual rejects the norms of his subculture;

o group, considered as conformal behavior of a member of a deviant group in relation to its subculture (for example, teenagers from troubled families who spend most of their lives in basements. "Basement life" seems normal to them, they have their own "basement" moral code, their own laws and cultural complexes.In this case, there is a group deviation from the dominant culture, as adolescents live in accordance with the norms of their own subculture).

3. Primary and secondary deviations. Primary deviance refers to the deviant behavior of the individual, which generally corresponds to the cultural norms accepted in society. In this case, the deviations committed by the individual are so insignificant and tolerable that he is not socially qualified as a deviant and does not consider himself as such. For him and for those around him, deviation looks like just a little prank, eccentricity, or, at worst, a mistake. Secondary deviation is a deviation from the norms existing in the group, which is socially defined as deviant.

4. Culturally acceptable deviations. Deviant behavior is always evaluated in terms of the culture accepted in a given society. It should be highlighted necessary qualities and behaviors that can lead to socially acceptable deviance.

o super-intellectual. Increased intelligence can be viewed as a way of behavior that leads to socially approved deviations only when a limited number of social statuses are achieved. Intellectual mediocrity is impossible when playing the roles of a great scientist or cultural figure, at the same time, super-intelligence is less necessary for an actor, sportsman or political leader;

o special inclinations. They allow to show unique qualities in very narrow, specific areas of activity.

o overmotivation. Many sociologists believe that intense motivation often serves as a compensation for hardships or experiences suffered in childhood or adolescence. For example, there is an opinion that Napoleon had a high motivation to achieve success and power as a result of the loneliness he experienced in childhood, or Niccolò Paganini constantly aspired to fame and honor as a result of the need and ridicule of his peers suffered in childhood;

o personal qualities- personality traits and character traits that help to achieve the elevation of the individual;

o happy occasion. Great achievements are not only a pronounced talent and desire, but also their manifestation in a certain place and at a certain time.

5. Culturally condemned deviations. Most societies support and reward social deviations manifested in the form of extraordinary achievements and activity aimed at the development of generally accepted cultural values. Violation of moral norms and laws in society has always been severely condemned and punished.

Consider the structure and types of deviant behavior. Some domestic and foreign researchers consider it appropriate to subdivide deviant (deviant) behavior into criminal (criminal), delinquent (pre-criminal) and immoral (immoral). These types of deviant behavior are distinguished taking into account the peculiarities of the interaction of the individual with reality, the mechanisms of the occurrence of behavioral anomalies.

A criminal is a person who has committed a crime.

Murders, rapes, inhuman acts are considered deviation all over the world, despite the fact that during the war killings are justified.

Delinquency is traditionally understood as a delinquent or unlawful act that does not carry criminal liability. In German, the concept of "delinquency" includes all cases of violation of the norms provided for by the criminal code, i.e. all legally punishable acts. Domestic scientists call the personality of a minor who committed a crime delinquent; adult - criminal.

Since the noted qualities are immoral (contradicting the norms of ethics and universal values), there is a certain difficulty in distinguishing between delinquent and immoral acts. According to many characteristics, criminal and delinquent behavior are side by side.

The difference between the concepts under consideration lies in the fact that criminal and delinquent behavior are antisocial in nature, immoral - asocial.

Within the framework of the considered types, the following forms of deviant behavior are distinguished: asocial (immoral, destructive, political crime), delinquent (criminal) and paranormal. However, it remains unclear why delinquent behavior is singled out as a separate type and whether it is not a type of asocial behavior.

N. Smelser gives the most striking examples of deviation (inhuman acts that always cause condemnation): murder, incest, rape. Highlighting three main components of deviation (a person who is characterized by a certain behavior; a norm (or expectation) that is a criterion for assessing deviant behavior; some other person, group or organization that responds to behavior), he notes that the expectations that determine deviant behavior are change over time; there may be disagreement among the population about the legitimacy and correctness of expectations; different segments of the population may express different points of view about the deviance of certain types of behavior - smoking, drug use, traffic violations, etc. .

Belicheva S.A. among deviations from the norm, he singles out an asocial type of deviant behavior; considers social deviations of a selfish orientation (theft, theft, etc.), aggressive orientation (insult, hooliganism, beatings), socially passive type of evasion from civic duties, avoiding active social life); believes that they differ in the degree of public danger, in content and target orientation. It highlights the pre-criminogenic level, when the minor has not yet become the object of a crime, and criminogenic manifestations - asocial behavior of a criminal orientation.

Asociality is considered as the most general concept, meaning any deviation from social norms. At the same time, S. A. Belicheva distinguishes between non-socialized forms of manifestation of asociality, which act as negativism, conflict, aggressiveness, directed against many people, groups or institutions, and socialized violations that can manifest themselves in the same forms, but in relation to individuals the deviant remains loyal and does not exhibit antisocial behavior (for example, the gang does not commit theft within its group). From our point of view, both forms can be considered deviations of behavior.

Since social neglect means a steady and complete disregard for social norms, prolonged and general social neglect, anyone who is socially neglected can be considered antisocial, but not everyone who exhibits antisocial behavior is socially neglected. Such is the relationship between delinquency and social neglect.

Currently, much attention is paid to the identification and description of deviations in behavior associated with pathocharacterological personality traits. The behavior characteristic of the last of the identified forms remains less studied.

Adolescence also has different types disturbed behavior. It is necessary to single out delinquent actions that are common among minors - drug addiction, substance abuse, alcoholism, car theft, escapes, home theft, hooliganism, teenage vandalism, aggressive and auto-aggressive behavior, overvalued hobbies, as well as typical teenage deviations that occur only in the psychopathological type - dysmorphomania, dromomania, pyromania, geboid behavior.

It should be noted a teenager - "nerd" - a kind of "fan of study", whose obsession with learning activities turns out to be an obstacle to establishing a full-fledged intimate-personal communication with peers.

On the other hand, such monochannel activity of a teenager cannot be assessed as a kind of deviant behavior, since is pro-social.

V.M. Sinaiko, A.M. Kozhina, I.V. Romanova, L.M. Gaichuk note that deviations in adolescents with antidisciplinary, antisocial, auto-aggressive behavior tend to generalize and can capture all niches of their social functioning - family, school, peer group.

Having considered the varieties of deviations in behavior, it can be stated that there is no single point of view of researchers on the classification and typology of deviant behavior. Many scientists in their work Special attention give certain types of deviant behavior, give preference to a certain age, which reflects the scope of their scientific interests.

The criteria for deviant behavior are ambiguous. Latent offenses (stowaways, traffic violations, petty theft, buying stolen goods) may go unnoticed. However, abrupt changes in behavior when the needs of the individual do not match the proposal; decrease in the value attitude towards oneself, one's name and body; negative attitude towards the institutions of social control; intolerance to pedagogical influences; rigor in relation to drug addiction, prostitution, vagrancy, begging, associated with a special victim experience; offenses are the most well-established signs of deviant behavior. L.B. Filonov emphasizes that it is unacceptable to attach the label of deviance to a certain type of behavior under all circumstances.

In domestic literature, deviant behavior is understood as:

1. An act, a person's actions that do not correspond to the norms officially established or actually established in a given society, "whether it be the norms of mental health, law, culture or morality."

2. A social phenomenon expressed in mass forms of human activity that do not correspond to officially established or actually established norms in a given society.

In the first sense, deviant behavior is predominantly the subject of general and developmental psychology, pedagogy, and psychiatry. In the second meaning - the subject of sociology and social psychology.

Since deviant behavior has become associated with many negative manifestations, the personification of "evil" in the religious worldview, a symptom of "disease" from the point of view of medicine, "illegal" in accordance with legal regulations, there was even a tendency to consider him "abnormal".

Therefore, it is necessary to emphasize the point of view of Ya.I. Gilinsky, V.N. Kudryavtsev that deviations as fluctuations in inanimate nature, mutations in living nature are a general form, a way of variability, therefore, of the life and development of any system. Since the functioning social systems is inextricably linked with human life, in which social changes are also realized through deviant behavior, deviations in behavior are natural and necessary. They serve to enhance the individual experience. The diversity arising on the basis of this in the psychophysical, sociocultural, spiritual and moral state of people and their behavior is a condition for the improvement of society, the implementation of social development.

It should be noted the point of view of V. A. Petrovsky, E. Fromm that the growth of the constructive beginning of the human "I" is laid in nonconformism. At the same time, deviations should be of a social and creative nature: various types of scientific, technical and artistic creativity. The socially negative nature of deviations is destructive both for the individual and for society. However, it is this type of deviant behavior that arouses the greatest interest of researchers and is more often considered in the socio-psychological literature.

V.D. Mendelevich emphasizes that deviation is the border between the norm and pathology, the extreme version of the norm. Deviance cannot be determined without relying on knowledge of the norms. In medicine, the norm is a perfectly healthy person; in pedagogy - a student who succeeds in all subjects; in social life - the absence of crime. The most difficult thing is to define the "psychological norm" as a set of certain properties inherent in most people, a standard of behavior. These are ideals. Since the level of internalization of norms in different social environments has significant differences, and norms are ideals, the system of core values is globalized, they are difficult to apply to specific social objects.

The normativity of a person's behavior can be determined in accordance with the socio-psychological standards of society and the socio-cultural characteristics of a particular area, region.M. M. Semago notes that at present there are simply no such SPNs. It should be noted that the time of existence of norms can be short, calculated in decades and even years, which is happening at the present time (dynamic norm as a "living process"). The complexity of the analysis is associated with the lack of information about the psychological norm in the current situation of the development of society, characterized by the spread of criminal norms.

So, the norm in psychology can be considered as a standard of behavior, the adherence of a person to the moral requirements accepted in a given community at a particular time. In an ideal behavioral norm, a harmonious norm (adaptability and self-actualization) should be combined with the individual's creativity. However, the harmonious norm does not reflect the stable differences in the psychology of people of different ages, the most significant and valuable aspects of their life. Consequently, there must also be age-specific variants of it, taking into account the peculiarities of the time and place of residence of the individual, serving as guidelines for distinguishing between the norm and deviation. In the process of assessing the age-related behavioral norm, V.D. Mendelevich proposes to analyze various styles activities that a person of a certain age must correspond to: communication style; volitional characteristics; intellectual, emotional and psychomotor features; oral style and writing. But he does not give clear age characteristics of the proposed criteria, because. they can be singled out only in accordance with a certain approach to the norm and deviation.

So, behavior that deviates from the norms of morality accepted in a particular society at a given level of social and cultural development, and entails sanctions: isolation, punishment, treatment, condemnation and other forms of censure of the offender, is considered deviant. It manifests itself in the form of an imbalance in mental processes, non-adaptation, a violation of the process of self-actualization, or in the form of evasion of moral and aesthetic control over one's own behavior.

1.1 Biological and social prerequisites for the formation of deviant behavior

An important factor influencing the behavior of the individual, of course, is the internal, biological, conditions - that natural soil with which any external conditions interact. Biological prerequisites include: hereditary genetic features, innate properties of the individual (acquired during fetal development and childbirth), imprinting (imprinting in the early stages of ontogenesis).

The biological factor regulates the following characteristics of individual existence:

individual originality of the process of ontogeny (including the rate of maturation/aging);

gender (sex) differences;

age features;

physical constitution;

health and endurance;

state and typological properties of the nervous system.

Theories explaining deviant behavior in terms of biological causes were probably among the first to emerge. Initially, researchers paid attention mainly to constitutional features. In the 19th century Italian psychiatrist and criminalist Cesare Lombroso (1836-1909) proposed a biosociological theory in which he connected the criminal behavior of a person with his anatomical structure. The objects of close attention were: the skull, brain, nose, ears, hair color, tattoo, handwriting, skin sensitivity, mental properties of the criminal. Using the anthropometric method, the researcher identified approximately 37 characteristics of the "congenital criminal type", including: a prominent lower jaw, a flattened nose, a sparse beard, adherent earlobes. Later, the theory of C. Lombroso, although it entered the history of scientific thought, was recognized as scientifically untenable.

Another prominent representative of this trend is the American physician and psychologist William Sheldon (1898 - 1984), who substantiated the relationship between types of temperament (and behavior), as well as types of human somatic structure. The three leading types of physique: endomorphic, mesomorphic, ectomorphic - correlate with three types of temperament: viscerotonia, somatotonia, cerebrotonia. Their combination gives a specific psychotype. For example, somatotonia is characterized by such features as the need for pleasure, energy, the desire for dominance and power, risk appetite, aggressiveness, and insensitivity. On the contrary, with cerebrotonia, restraint, sensitivity, social phobia, and a tendency to loneliness are observed.

A special place among biological theories is occupied by an evolutionary approach based on the laws proposed by Charles Darwin. natural selection and heredity. Supporters of the evolutionary approach consider various aspects of human behavior as a manifestation of species hereditary programs, while critics of the evolutionary approach consider it unreasonable to transfer the laws of animal behavior to human psychology.

The ethological approach of Konrad Lorenz (1903 - 1989), which develops the ideas of Darwin, explains various phenomena of human behavior, such as aggression, primarily by the innate instinct of the struggle for existence. Aggression, the manifestations of which are often identified with manifestations of the death instinct, is the same instinct as all the others, and in natural conditions, just like them, serves to preserve life and species. This instinct has developed in the course of evolution as biologically expedient. The strength of aggression, according to the researcher, depends on the amount of accumulated aggressive energy and the strength of specific stimuli that trigger aggressive behavior. In humans, unlike animals, violence against members of their own species is widespread. Claiming that aggressiveness is an innate, instinctively conditioned property of all higher animals, and proving this with many convincing examples, K. Lorenz comes to the following conclusion. We have good reason to consider intraspecific aggression the most serious danger that threatens humanity in the current conditions of cultural, historical and technical development.

Within the framework of biocriminology, purposeful attempts were made to establish a connection between deviant (criminal) behavior and hereditary characteristics of a person. One of the evidence of this connection is the results of genetic studies by W. Pierce, conducted in the mid-60s. 20th century His research led to the conclusion that the presence of an extra 7-chromosome in men determines their predisposition to criminal behavior (among prisoners, this anomaly occurs 15 times more often than usual). At the same time, critics of this approach note that the deviance of carriers of an extra 7-chromosome may be the result of not a chromosomal anomaly, but associated individual features, such as high growth, rapid maturation, low intelligence.

Other biological factors of deviant behavior can be: damage to the brain (especially the frontal lobes), organic diseases of the brain, certain properties of the nervous system.

Generally modern knowledge allow us to say that not some specific form of deviant behavior (for example, crime) is inherited, but certain individual typological properties that increase the likelihood of deviance formation, for example, impulsiveness or desire for leadership.

Internal biological processes play a role in the formation of deviant behavior. They determine the strength and nature of our reactions to any environmental influences. Despite the existence of facts confirming the existence of biological bases for deviant behavior, they operate only in the context of a certain social environment. Moreover, social conditions in themselves may well cause biological changes in the body, determining, for example, the reactivity of the nervous system or the hormonal background.

The influence of social processes and social groups on people's behavior is considered primarily within the framework of the sociological approach. (Microsocial conditions are more often the subject of psychological and pedagogical research and will be discussed in the following sections.)

Sociological theories consider deviant behavior in the context of social processes and norms approved within a given society. Social deviations are subject to social laws, they depend on time and society, they can be predicted, in some cases they can be controlled.

E. Durkheim proposed the concept of anomie to explain social deviations. The term "anomie" in French means "lack of law, organization". This is such a state of social disorganization - a social vacuum, when the old norms and values no longer correspond to real relations, and the new ones have not yet been established. E. Durkheim emphasized the need to explain various forms of social pathology precisely as social phenomena. For example, the number of suicides depends not so much on the internal properties of the individual, but on the external causes that control people.

Not all people (classes) have the same conditions for success, but they can adapt to the contradiction that has arisen in several ways. As such ways of adaptation, R. Merton singled out:

Conformism (full acceptance of socially approved goals and means of their implementation);

innovation (acceptance of goals, rejection of legitimate ways to achieve them);

Ritualism (inflexible reproduction of given or familiar means);

Retreatism (passive avoidance of social norms, for example in the form of drug addiction);

Rebellion: (active rebellion - denial of social norms).

The conflict between goals and means to achieve them can lead to anemic tension, frustration and the search for illegal ways to adapt. This circumstance partly explains the relatively high crime rate among the lower social strata.

Other objective factors of social deviations are recognized: differences between participants social interaction and failure to meet expectations (T. Parsons); the discrepancy between the distribution of benefits and the personal qualities of people (P. Sorokin); the influence of the norms of deviant subculture and learning (R. Claward, L. Oulin). Thus, a person placed in a deviant subculture (criminal, conflict or retreat) from early childhood is likely to display appropriate forms of deviant behavior.

The influence of modern subcultures on the deviant behavior of an individual is an extremely important, although insufficiently studied issue. At the same time, it is well known that a person is always included in some social group. In some cases, group needs dominate - to be included in the group, to follow its norms, to imitate its members, to oppose oneself to other groups. A wide variety of subcultures grow on this soil - the aristocratic elite, hippies, metalheads, rockers, gays, skinheads, etc. People tend to identify with group leaders and their ideals (including destructive ones), which largely explains the existence of such mass deviations as genocide, racism, and fascism.

Another obvious gap is the vagueness of the relationship "profession - deviant behavior." The professional environment has a significant impact on a person's personality. Such negative phenomena as professional stress, professional "burnout" and professional deformation of personality are well known. Nevertheless, there are practically no publications devoted to the problem of the influence of the profession on the deviant behavior of an individual.

Along with the considered objective social factors there are also so-called subjective causes of deviant behavior. In accordance with the theory of stigmatization (E. Lemert, G. Becker), deviations are a consequence of the fact that society itself (or rather, a social group) sticks appropriate labels on a person by correlating the actions of a particular person with abstract rules (primary deviance). Gradually, a reputation is formed that forces the individual to adhere to a deviant role (secondary deviance).

I. Hoffman distinguishes three types of stigma: physical stigma (congenital anomalies and bodily injuries); will defects (alcoholism, drug addiction, mental illness); racial stigmas ("black").

Sutherland in 1939 formulated the theory of differentiated association, according to which deviant behavior is a complex and differentiated form of behavior. It is learned in interaction (interaction). This process includes the assimilation of deviant motivation, justification and techniques for implementing deviant behavior.

Deviant behavior can also be described using the concept of "social role", or " social function personality "(J. Mead, M. Deutsch, R. Krauss). A role is a system of expectations regarding human behavior, a person's idea of \u200b\u200bthe model of his own behavior, and finally, behavior in accordance with his position - status. In accordance with this, people can take on assume various roles, including the role of the deviant.

Finally, the attitude of the individual (group) to social norms can become a subjective cause of deviant behavior (G. Saik, D. Matza). For example, in order to free himself from moral requirements and justify himself, a person can "neutralize" the effect of norms in the following ways: refer to higher concepts (friendship, devotion to a group); deny the existence of the victim; justify their behavior by the deviance of the victim or provocation on her part; deny responsibility; deny the harm of their behavior.

Modern domestic researcher Yu. A. Kleiberg, using the example of adolescent deviance, also reveals deviant behavior through the attitude of the individual to cultural norms. Deviant behavior is a specific way of changing social norms and expectations by demonstrating a person's value attitude towards them. For this, special techniques are used: slang, symbolism, fashion, manner, deed, etc. Deviant actions of adolescents act as a means of achieving a significant goal, self-affirmation and relaxation.

Thus, sociological and similar socio-psychological theories consider deviant behavior as a result of social processes, complex relationships between society and a particular individual. On the one hand, we see that in society itself there are serious causes for deviant behavior, such as social disorganization and social inequality. On the other hand, we naturally come to understand the role of the individuality of a particular person in the process of socialization of his personality.

Sociological theories do not explain why, in the same social conditions, different people demonstrate fundamentally different behavior, for example, not all representatives of the poorest strata show delinquency and vice versa. It should be recognized that social conditions really determine the nature of social deviations (the extent of the spread of these phenomena in society or a social group). But they are clearly not enough to explain the causes and mechanisms of the deviant behavior of a particular person.

In general, deviant behavior of a person is the result of a complex interaction of social and biological factors, the action of which, in turn, is refracted through a system of personality relationships.

1.2 Theories of deviant behavior

Revolutionary changes in the way of life of society over the past centuries have given a large percentage of difficult-to-educate children. These categories were united under the general name "defective", which from the outside seemed quite legitimate: each defective is difficult to educate, and each difficult to educate is difficult because he has one or another defect. However, difficulty in education does not always mean defectiveness.

Modern researchers, in relation to minors with various kinds of developmental disabilities that leave a peculiar imprint on behavior, use the terms: "difficult children", "difficult teenager", which category includes children with deviations in moral development, accentuations of character, with violations in affective volitional sphere, deviations in behavior; "abnormal children" having deviations from what is typical or normal, but not including a pathological condition; "disadapted children", "children in need of special care"; children of the "risk group"; "a child with disorders in the affective sphere."

However, these terms often carry one-sided information: everyday, clinical, legal. Since there is no single practice for the use of these concepts; sometimes it is not clear to which category to include a child with certain behavioral deviations. It is considered legitimate to use the terms: deviant, asocial, non-normative, illegal, criminal behavior.

The founder of the cultural aspect of deviant behavior in Russia Ya.I. Gilinsky introduced the term "deviant behavior", which is currently used on a par with the term "deviant behavior".

Foreign researchers, Durkheim, Klages, Merton, Smelser, Shibutani, Schuessler, and others, define deviance by compliance or non-compliance with social norms-expectations. Therefore, behavior that does not meet the social expectations of a given society is deviant.

Let's start the review of theories from the existential-humanistic approach, which considers the personality and its behavior in the aspect of the essential characteristics of a person. The greatest interest in this regard, in our opinion, is the concept of the Austrian psychiatrist and psychologist V. Frankl (1905-1997). In his understanding, specific human characteristics are, first of all, spirituality, freedom and responsibility. The spiritual existence of a person implies a meaningful existence in the form of free self-determination in the world of values (taking into account the objective circumstances of his life), for which he is responsible to his conscience and God. Behavioral problems are somehow connected with the deficiency of the considered qualities, i.e. with manifestations of indifference.

The fundamental motivational force in people, according to V. Frankl, is the desire for meaning. People need to discover the meaning, for the sake of which it would be worth living, literally in everything. Meaning cannot be given, it must be found, because it is unique to each person and can only be realized by him. If a person does not see the meaning in something outside of himself, survival in an extreme situation is aimless, meaningless and impossible. Hyper-reflection (excessive self-reflection) and hyperintention (over-attention to satisfying one's desires) are the two main ways that people prefer to use in order not to go beyond their Self. There are three different ways to find meaning in something outside of yourself:

1) to do something, to give life (values of creativity);

2) to take something from life (values of experience);

3) to take a certain position in relation to the fate that cannot be changed, for example, in case of a terminal illness (relationship values). In addition, past experiences and religion are two other areas in which people can find meaning.

Then, when the desire for meaning is frustrated (something blocked), a state of existential frustration arises. Apathy and boredom are her main characteristics. Existential frustration in itself is neither pathological nor pathogenic. The anxiety of people, even their despair, due to the vain search for the meaning of life, is more of a spiritual disaster than a disease. Feeling the meaninglessness of life at the same time can be a sign of intellectual sincerity and honesty.

The normality and abnormality of a person, according to V. Frankl, are determined by the peculiarities of her position in relation to life, death and her own destiny.

The position of an abnormal personality is designated by V. Frankl as fatalistic. In this case, the person does not see himself as responsible for self-determination in values and, therefore, as an active participant in his own life. As a result, it allows various - natural, social and psychological - determinants to determine their life path. The person himself in this case suffers from a sense of meaninglessness, emptiness and futility. V. Frankl called the state of inner emptiness an existential vacuum. Existential frustration and existential vacuum are the immediate causes of special "noogenic neuroses".

Thus, in accordance with the views of V. Frankl, deviant behavior occurs because people suppress their spirituality, avoid responsibility for the search for meaning. To help a person with deviant behavior means to help him realize his spiritual Self and take responsibility for his destiny, with the subsequent discovery of the meaning of his existence.

Humanistic theories are closely adjacent to existential psychology, for example, client-centered psychology (psychotherapy) by C. Rogers (1902-1987). The key place in this system is occupied by the concepts of selfhood and self-actualization. The self or concept is the totality of a person's beliefs about himself, which are the result of experience and change continuously throughout life. Self-actualization is the desire of the individual to grow and develop in accordance with the potentialities that were originally inherent in it. The tendency to self-actualization is clearly manifested in a person and is a sign of personal well-being. A self-actualizing personality has a number of specific characteristics: openness to new experience, faith in one's body, internal locus of control (independence, independence, responsibility), the desire to exist in the process (growth and development). A normal (healthy) personality is relatively close to the ideal of a self-actualizing personality.

In an abnormal personality, the process of self-actualization is blocked and exists only as a possibility. The main obstacle, according to K. Rogers, is rooted in the system of so-called conditional

values. Conditional values lead to the fact that a person treats himself and other people positively only if they correspond to some conditional ideals. Whereas with an unconditional positive attitude, a person is considered as supreme value and deserves to be accepted without any conditions of its compliance with the ideal-requirements.

Conditional values are formed in childhood, in the family, for example, when a mother, using the child's need for love and respect, expresses a negative attitude towards him because of his failure to fulfill her specific requirements. Further, the child's self-respect will depend on the mother's imposed values and the ability to live up to them. Being under the rigid influence of imposed conditional values, the person essentially turns into a mask-mask.

Thus, for the normal development of a person must be the experience of self-expression. On the contrary, unrealistic, distorted self-image, conflicting experience, internal conflict between the need for self-realization and dependence on external assessments, all this inevitably causes problematic behavior. Based on this, we can conclude that in order to overcome personal and behavioral problems, it is necessary to stimulate the process of actualization by creating special conditions. For example, in the course of client-centered therapy, this is a sincere interest in a person, an unconditional positive acceptance of a person, an invaluable attitude towards him.

The concept of self-actualization of personality is also key for A. Maslow (1908-1970). According to his views, a person as an integral system acts in accordance with innate needs, which are realized under the influence of social conditions. Needs form a hierarchy - from lowest to highest:

physiological needs;

the need for security;

needs for love and affection;

needs for recognition and evaluation;

the need for self-actualization - the realization of the potentials, abilities and talents of a person.

...

Chapter 1. The concept, essence and factors of deviant behavior

1.1 . The concept of behavioral deviance

Despite the complexity of the processes of socialization of workers, the most difficult to overcome is deviant behavior.

Any society cannot function normally without developed systems of rules and norms of behavior that prescribe the fulfillment by each person of the requirements and duties necessary for society. On the scale of the whole society, the formation and improvement of such systems is ongoing. When using this system, the means of punishment in cases of violation of established requirements and rules of conduct is public control carried out government bodies management .

It is difficult to imagine a society in which all its members would behave according to common normative requirements. In the case when a person violates the norms, rules of conduct, laws, then his behavior, depending on the nature of the violation, is called deviant.

From the point of view of sociology, deviant behavior can be very diverse: from absenteeism to theft, robbery, murder, and so on. We are interested in a narrower definition of deviant behavior.

In management, the term "deviation" means, in addition to actions that do not fit into the framework of the law, any unlawful behavior of an employee in the workplace. These include theft and deceit at all levels, theft of working time, evasion, tax avoidance, forgery of statements. wages, sabotage and so on. Thus, deviant behavior is any behavior that is not officially approved by the management of the organization and includes unauthorized transfers of resources to employees and managers. It should be noted that this phenomenon has a rather long history - from Egypt in the time of the pharaohs through the period of classical Ancient Greece to the present day.

Attempts to explain deviations in behavior from the point of view of psychology are based on identifying the inclinations inherent in a certain psychological type of personality and its ability to captivate others with this. However, situational explanations for which the conditions of the workplace are examined in a social context seem to be more fruitful.

The main methods of obtaining information about the well-being of employees are: observation, questioning, analysis of documents, the actual psychological examination.

Observation occupies a leading place in the arsenal of methods that can be used not only by psychologists, but also by bosses.

A survey is a method based on obtaining the necessary information from the subjects themselves through questions and answers. There are three main types of survey: oral, written and free. Each type of survey has its own advantages and disadvantages.

Oral questioning allows you to see the reaction and behavior of the subject, allows you to penetrate deeper into human psychology. However, this version of the survey requires more time to conduct and requires special training of the researcher, since the degree of objectivity of the answers very often depends on the behavior and personal characteristics of the researcher himself.

A written survey allows you to reach a large number of people for a relatively short time, can be used to a greater extent than oral. But the disadvantage is the inability to adjust the questions and observe the reaction of the subject.

Free Poll — a type of written or oral survey, in which the list of questions asked is not determined in advance. This type of survey allows you to flexibly change the tactics and content of the study, which allows you to get a variety of information about the subject. At the same time, a standard survey requires less time and, most importantly, the information received about a particular employee can be compared with information about another employee, since in this case the list of questions does not change.

Conversation - a variant of the survey, the method of conversation differs from the survey in greater freedom of the procedure. As a rule, the conversation is conducted in a relaxed atmosphere, and the content of the questions varies depending on the situation and the characteristics of the subject.

Analysis of documents allows you to get additional information. In terms of organization we are talking about the medical card, personal file, psychological card, which is compiled and stored in the personnel department.

1.2. Factors contributing to deviation

Deviants, in order to influence the relationships that they decide to exploit, first of all, need to use various forms of power. Influence factors that contribute to the manifestation of deviations are the establishment of collaborationist (treacherous, criminal) ties, the activity of deviants in markets that are amenable to their influence, and the ability to use various types of ambiguities, that is, the possibilities of double interpretation. Several factors often operate simultaneously.

Random trading takes place where the parties usually meet once, not with the intention of establishing a stable long-term relationship. good example is a trade related to tourists, as well as a hotel and restaurant business.

Exploitative (bad faith) expertise can be found where the actual or alleged expertise is an element of the transaction. Typical case - Maintenance and car repair.

The capture in the triad is feature private service industries where consumers (or customers) are in direct contact with both employers and employees. This technique suggests the possibility of a coalition between any two of them to the detriment of the third. They are very typical for delivery service, waiters, cashiers and in retail.

Control systems are held responsible for violations when they are not well established (if their installation is too expensive or complicated compared to the possible savings, or if the installation fee is borne by the entrepreneur and the losses are compensated by the customers). Example - control is considered financially impractical in matters of monitoring the correctness of the implementation of coupons or the distribution of free gifts in stores.

Ambiguity exists where ambiguity is inherent in understanding the quantity, quality, or exact category of a product. It can help to cover up theft and, in fact, it is laid for this. For example, it is difficult to count the number of drinks drunk at a wedding or the amount of rebar used in the construction of a building.

Anonymity and scale. The most typical factor leading to deviation is the scale of large organizations leading to depersonalization. In established cases of excuses used in deviation, it was established that theft committed by a corporation was not at all considered as something immoral, in contrast to theft committed by a specific person.

1.3. Shaping the Behavior of Individuals

At the first stage, the forms of behavior associated with labor activity are identified that are necessary for the implementation of the adopted activity strategy: the key forms of behavior that have a significant impact on the organization's activities are identified.

The second stage is the audit of behavior - the analysis of each type of activity in terms of quantitative and qualitative constituent elements. Here it is important to consider only those forms of individual behavior that are directly related to his work activity: slowness or skill, absence from the workplace or vigorous activity; constructive suggestions or complaints and more .

The purpose of the stage is to provide objective information about the key behavior, the presence of functional forms of behavior, the frequency of occurrence of dysfunctional (deviant) behavior.

Functional behaviors require positive reinforcement, while dysfunctional behaviors require negative reinforcement or punishment.

Key elements of behavior specific to a particular type of activity are identified (for example, sales skills, computer proficiency).

Also at the second stage, the behavioral elements are measured in employees performing the relevant types of activities - determining the magnitude of behavioral elements. In behavior, elements are distinguished that can be measured, quantified: the performance of certain operations, absence from the workplace, delay at a break, smoke breaks, conversations with colleagues.

At the third stage, the development of an intervention strategy is carried out, that is, a long-term plan for the formation of the required behavior of employees is developed. The task of the intervention is to strengthen and increase the frequency of functional forms of behavior and reduce dysfunctional (deviant) ones.

The complex impact on employees includes a system of measures of influence:

Ways to change personality attitudes;

Application of various motivation systems;

Methods of influencing the behavior of groups;

Conducting trainings to develop work skills for specialists and managers;

Specialist career management - a system for moving a specialist in an organization in accordance with his goals, abilities and desires and taking into account the goals and objectives of the organization;

Organizational regulation - clear wording official duties and other.

A generalized way of influencing an employee is the possibility of giving him more trust as the basis for creating a value system in the organization.

Motivation as a conscious, internal motivation of the individual to activity is the main tool in the formation of organizational behavior. Naturally, in addition to motivation, the actions of an individual are influenced as a combination of external factors and his own motives for behavior. But it is motivation that can not only maximize and realize the potential of the individual, but in some cases strengthen, weaken or completely compensate for the individual's perception of external influences.

Such an influence of motivation on the individual's behavior determines its central place and decisive role in the processes of social organization. Motives as internal, mediated impulses for action, formed by the primary needs and developing interests of the individual, largely determine his behavior in the organization. Of decisive importance in their formation and implementation is interest as a conscious need, reflecting external orientation, inclinations, hobbies. Interests determine the purposeful and conscious behavior of a person, determine the manifestation of his attention, the implementation of actions.

Comprehension of the results of one’s own actions and ongoing changes, the stimulating effect of the immediate environment and specific subjects of management encourage each individual to adapt the existing motivation to the changed conditions, which is manifested in new views, orientations, positions, activity and the corresponding level of their development. This happens in the conditions of the formation and functioning of specific social organizations in which the individual positions himself.

Initially, the actions of an individual are determined by genetically inherited instincts, manifested in the form of a direct reaction to the environment (a state of irritation or arousal)

Interacting with environment, ensuring the consolidation of their own needs and desires, the individual consolidates the manifested interests in the form of primary needs that directly determine his activity. The stable organization of this kind of activity finally forms the process of organization, perception and realization of primary needs by an individual through permanent motives.

In the process of socialization of the individual, a system of interests is formed, which determines the majority of conscious, subsequent actions.

The mechanism of motivation, the action of levers and tools for shaping the behavior of an individual is based not only on its immediate needs, which are realized in the form of a system of awareness and satisfaction of one's own needs. The organization purposefully forms interests that go beyond the immediate needs of the individual, for example, obtaining power, which in a certain way motivate the corresponding activity, for example, socially significant achievements of a particular individual.

Chapter 2. Evaluation of the implementation of the control function at the enterprise JSC "NP" Podolskkabel "

2.1. Organizational and economic characteristics of the organization's activities

OJSC NP Podolskkabel is an enterprise of the machine-building industry of the Russian industry. The main activity is the production and sale of cable and wire products. Sales of cable and wire products are subject to seasonal fluctuations: sales peak in summer - early autumn, decline - in January, February, March.

OAO NP Podolskkabel is one of the largest manufacturers of cables and wires in Russia with copper conductors. The product range includes more than 3000 brand - sizes of wires and cables with copper conductors with a cross section from 0.12 to 95 square meters. mm in plastic insulation. State enterprise"Podolsk cable plant named after. K. Gottwald" was founded in accordance with the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR dated November 22, 1971 No. 618. registration number 1025004706825. On February 25, 2009, the Interdistrict Inspectorate of the Federal Tax Service of Russia No. 5 for the Moscow Region registered changes in founding documents. OJSC NP Podolskkabel was established for an indefinite period. The Company is a commercial organization and pursues profit making as its main goal.

The issuer's primary activity is the production of cables and wires.

The supreme management body of OAO NP Podolskkabel is the general meeting of shareholders. The Annual General Meeting of Shareholders is held no earlier than two months and no later than four months after the end of the reporting financial year. The Supervisory Board carries out the general management of the activities of OAO NP Podolskkabel. The activities of the enterprise are directly managed by the General Director of OAO NP Podolskkabel.

Suppliers of materials and raw materials to OAO NP Podolskkabel are Russian enterprises (Table 2.1).

The main market for the products of OAO NP Podolskkabel is the Russian market.

Table 2.1

Materials, goods (raw materials) and suppliers JSC "NP "Podolskkabel"

	Supplier name	Supplier location	supplied products	amount of raw materials (tn.)
copper group
	OOO UMMC-Holding	Verkhnyaya Pyshma	Copper rod
	OOO UMMC-Vtortsvetmet		Copper rod
Group of raw materials of ferrous metals
	OOO "UMK"	Yekaterinburg city	St. galvanized tape	from 40 to 100 tons.
	OOO "Orbita"	Cherepovets	Wire st. galvanized	from 20 tons to 100 tons
	ELMET LLC	Moscow city	Armor tape
	KSK-Group LLC	Vladimir	Wire
Chemistry group (plastic compound, rubber, p / e)
	OAO Bookborn	Dzerzhinsk	Plastic compound	from 20 to 40 tons.
	ZAO Trade House VNIIKP		Plastic compound	from 30 to 90 tons.
	CJSC NPK "Polymer-Compound"		High density polyethylene	from 10 to 20 tons.
	OZ RTI-Podolsk LLC	Podolsk		from 100 to 200 pcs.

The main consumers are enterprises of mechanical engineering, instrument making, fuel and energy complex, enterprises of the Ministry of Transport (RZD), construction organizations and others.

Sales of cable products are carried out by regions by geographical location:

Volga region,

South of Russia,

North of Russia,

Eastern Siberia,

Far East,

Western Siberia.

The main consumers are enterprises of the oil industry, oil companies (Table 2.2).

Table 2.2

Main consumers OJSC NP Podolskkabel

Companies		% in total sales
year 2012
	NK Lukoil
	TNK-BP Holding OAO

	KTM PK OOO
	Elektrosnabsbyt CJSC
	Oilpump Service LLC
year 2013
	LUKOIL TD OOO
	LUKOIL-Western Siberia

	Novomet-Service
	PH Holding JSC
	LUKOIL-Komi
	Wrestler PK OOO
	Borets SK OOO
year 2014
	LUKOIL-Western Siberia LLC
	LUKOIL - Komi
	RITEK OJSC (Samara)
	LUKOIL - PERM

Let's consider the main technical and economic indicators of OAO NP Podolsk Kabel for 2013-2014. (Table 2.3).

The company's revenue in 2014 increased by 2% or by 61,374 thousand rubles. compared to 2013 and amounted to 3,426,260 thousand rubles. The cost of production of JSC NP Podolskkabel increased in 2014 by 6% or by 178,661 thousand rubles. compared to 2013 and amounted to 3,066,147 thousand rubles.

Table 2.3

The main technical and economic indicators of OAO NP Podolskkabel for 2013-2014

Indicators	Deviation
Indicators		Growth rate, %
Revenue, thousand rubles
Cost, thousand rubles
including material costs, thousand rubles
including labor costs, thousand rubles
Net profit, thousand rubles
Number of employees, pers.
Average annual salary, rub.
Average annual output per employee, rub.

As part of the prime cost, material costs in 2014 compared to 2013 increased by 9% or by 202,570 thousand rubles. and amounted to 2,567,917 thousand rubles. As part of material costs, labor costs in 2014 decreased by 11% or 36,123 thousand rubles. This was due to a reduction in staff by 56 people (by 7%). The average annual output per employee increased in 2014 by 10% or by 437,198 thousand rubles. and amounted to 4,853,059 thousand rubles.

The net profit indicator of JSC NP Podolskkabel decreased sharply in 2014 compared to 2013 by 86% or by 61,284 thousand rubles. and amounted to 10,030 thousand rubles, while profit in 2013 amounted to 71,314 thousand rubles.

2.2. Study of the behavior of employees at OAO NP Podolskkabel

To study the behavior of employees, methods were selected that made it possible to identify the characteristics of the behavior of employees and the level of culture in 4 departments:

Michelson's communication skills test (L. Michelson. Translation and adaptation by Yu. Z. Gilbukh).
Diagnosis of communicative social competence (CSC) (Shapar V.B.).
Test "Level of organizational culture" (T.A. Lapina).
Methodology for determining the style of leadership of the labor collective V.P. Zakharov and A.L. Zhuravlev.

4 categories of employees of OAO NP Podolskkabel took part in the study:

Accounting (group No. 1).
Production divisions (group No. 2).
Personnel Department (Group No. 3).
Audit and control service (group No. 4).

When processing the results of the study, the divisions were first evaluated and compared according to each method. In the process of research using the Michelson method, the following results were obtained (Table 2.4):

Table 2.4

The results of the study according to the Michelson method for the groups of OAO NP Podolskkabel, %

group number	Communication group
	Aggressive		confident	dependent
	Aggressive	Aggressively confident	confident	Confident Addict	dependent
Group #1
Group #2
Group #3
Group #4

From Table 2.4, we see that the largest percentage of respondents (7%) in group No. 2 is included in the aggressive group, in group No. 3 - 5% of respondents are in the aggressively confident group, and in groups No. 1 and No. 4 there are no aggressive communicative groups .

The confident (competent) communication group includes 80% of the personnel of group No. 4, 65% - of group No. 3, 53% - of group No. 2 and 40% - of group No. 1.

From this we can conclude that the most favorable communicative environment in group No. 4. This is also confirmed by the fact that in this group there is no aggressive communicative group, i.e. no deviant behavior.

Accordingly, the most unfavorable communicative situation in group No. 2, because the aggressive group there is 7%.

So, according to the results of Table 2.5, we can say that the maximum sociability (scale A) is characteristic of the personnel of groups No. 3 and No. 4.

Logical thinking is sufficiently developed in all groups in almost all subjects. Emotional maturity is most typical for employees of group No. 4.

Tendency to antisocial behavior (deviation) was revealed in two groups - No. 2 and No. 3. At the same time, in group No. 2, the indicator is significant - 27% of the respondents, and in group No. 3 - 5%.

Table 2.5

Summary table of the results of the survey of employees of the organization

according to the KSK method, %

Sociability A

Logical thinking B

Emotional maturity C

Cheerfulness D

Sensitivity K

Independence M

Self-control H

Tendency to antisocial behavior P

Table 2.6

Level of organizational culture

Indicators					In general, org.
Indicators					In general, org.
General level of organizational culture	positive direction
By sections:
	Major	Major	Major	Major	Major
Communications	Major	Major	Major	Major	Major
Control	Major	Noticeable despondency	Major	Major	Major
Motivation and morality	Major	Noticeable despondency	Major	Major	Major

Thus, from the results of the survey on the methodology for identifying the level of organizational culture in groups, we see that the overall orientation of OK is positive. But only a significant deviation was revealed in the sections Management and Motivation and morality in group No. 2 - despondency is noticeable, which indicates a decrease in the level of organizational culture in this group.

Table 2.7

The results of the methodology for determining the leadership style in OAO NP Podolskkabel

According to the results of Table 2.7, we see that in almost all groups there is a democratic leadership style, and only in group No. 2 - an authoritarian leadership style. In our opinion, this factor affects deviant and aggressive behavior in group No. 2, because the culture of communication and interaction between employees largely depends on management.

At the end of the study, we analyzed the correlation of all methods and the results of the study. For the convenience of interpreting the results, we transferred the obtained data to a summary table (Table 2.8).

Thus, based on the summary table 2.8 of the methods used, it is possible to establish the relationship between the asocial, aggressive and deviant behavior of employees and the organizational culture and type of leadership of the organization.

Table 2.8

The ratio of the results of all methods used by groups of employees

Criterion
Criterion
Dominant communication group Presence/absence of aggressiveness	Confident Addict	confident (competent)	confident (competent)	confident (competent)
	Missing	Present	Present	Missing
	Logical thinking self control	self control Tendency to antisocial behavior	Sociability Logical thinking self control	Sociability Logical thinking emotional maturity
OK level	Positive	Positive, but despondency is noticeable on the Management and Motivation scale	Positive	Positive
Leadership styles	Democratic		Democratic	Democratic

First of all, it was found that in group No. 1 the predominant communicative group is competent-dependent, which negatively affects communication in this group.

In group No. 2, the leadership style is authoritarian, therefore only in this group a significant proportion of workers prone to antisocial deviant behavior (27%) was revealed. Also, only in this group, despondency was observed in the level of organizational culture on the scales Management and Motivation and Morality. This, of course, is connected with the authoritarian management of this group.

2.3. Methods for improving organizational behavior

Based on the study, the management of OAO NP Podolskkabel needs to pay attention to group No. 2.

It is necessary to implement provisions of the Corporate Code, it can be changed and supplemented, therefore it is recommended to periodically conduct training sessions for all employees in order for the ideas of the Code to become firmly embedded in the minds of all employees. If necessary, additionally conduct staff training (first of all, understanding the essence and role of organizational culture, optimizing its individual elements: for example, conflict resolution, optimizing the communication process, etc.).

Management is also recommended to pay attention to staff motivation, including non-material ones. It is possible to develop a new systematic approach to motivate staff, incl. motivation of group work and team feedback. After all, the more opportunities employees get to achieve their personal goals by working for the goals of the company, the higher the return will be, the less deviant behavior will be.

Conclusion

In the course of the study, it was found that the behavior of an individual in an organization is influenced by a number of factors, including his personality traits, the characteristics of the group in which he is included, the conditions joint activities, the peculiarity of the organization in which he works. However, to a large extent, the behavior of the individual is determined by the goal and objectives that the organization sets for itself.

Any employee has the right to share or not to share the values enshrined in the organization. In the case when a person does not accept the norms of the organization's behavior, we can talk about deviant behavior.

There are many reasons for the occurrence of deviant behavior, however, the most common is the employee's dissatisfaction with his work or the team or even the management of the organization.

Any leader needs to know the reasons that led to the appearance of deviance in the behavior of an employee in order to study and eliminate it.

Naturally, to stop further crimes at work, a simple punishment as an example for others is not enough. A number of measures are needed to prevent the occurrence of deviant behavior. The formation of organizational behavior in employees is based on the use of tools that affect their interests, needs and instincts. One of these tools is the motivation of the activity of the individual.

Thus, the goals set for the study - to determine the factors influencing the behavior of an individual in an organization, to reveal the essence of deviant behavior, to study the causes of deviations, to get acquainted with the principles of shaping the behavior of individuals, have been achieved.

In the study, it was found that in group No. 1 the predominant communicative group is competent-dependent, which negatively affects communication in this group.

It was recommended to the management of OAO NP Podolskkabel that it is necessary to pay attention to group No. 2. It is necessary to implement the provisions of the Corporate Code, it can be changed and supplemented, therefore it is recommended to periodically conduct training sessions for all employees so that the ideas of the Code are firmly embedded in the minds of all employees. If necessary, additionally conduct staff training (first of all, understanding the essence and role of organizational culture, optimizing its individual elements: for example, conflict resolution, optimizing the communication process, etc.).

For this purpose it is necessary to develop a special training program. In addition to discussing the articles of the Corporate Code, trainings and seminars can also include gaming moments. The study of the provisions of the Code should be constantly included in all planned professional trainings. This is a good way to nurture employee loyalty.

The following exercises are used to develop organizational behavior and communication skills:

Contact exercises.
Listening exercises (according to N. Yu. Khryashcheva).
Exercises that form personal feedback.
Conflict resolution training.

Conducting this training will be relevant not only for group No. 2, but for all employees, as the experience gained will improve organizational behavior.

Bibliography

Vetoshkina T.A. Organizational Behavior: Textbook. Yekaterinburg: USGU, 2012.
Vetoshkina T.A. Sociology and Political Science: Part 1. Sociology: Textbook. Yekaterinburg: USGU, 2014.
Egorshin A.P. Personnel management: Textbook for universities. 6th ed., supplement. and reworked. N. Novgorod: NIMB, 2009.
Kartashova L. V. Organizational behavior. M: INFRA-M, 2015.
Kochetkova A.I. Introduction to organizational behavior and organizational modeling: Proc. Benefit. 2nd ed. M.: Delo, 2014.
Krasovsky Yu.D. Organizational behavior. 2nd ed., add. and reworked. M.: UNITI, 2011.
Maslov E.V. Enterprise Personnel Management: Textbook. M.: INFRA-M, 2010.
Newstrom J.V., Davis K. Organizational Behavior / translation from English, ed. Yu.N. Kapturevsky. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2010.
Organizational Behavior: A Textbook for High Schools / Ed. G.R. Latfulina, O.N. Thunderous. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2012.
Organizational behavior: textbook / Ed. L. G. Zaitseva, M.I. Sokolova. M.: Economist, 2013.

10% is not taken into account in the answers to group No. 1, because scored 14 points on the "false" scale

Law enforcement agencies are part of the system government organizations therefore, their employees are in the public service and, as a result, are subject to the requirements of state discipline. Usually, state discipline is understood as the established procedure for the activities of state organizations, which provides for conscientious performance by each employee of the official duties assigned to him, certain rules and requirements of official behavior Baranov P.P., Kurbatov V.I. Legal Psychology: Textbook. 2nd edition, stereotypical / Under the general editorship of A.N. Erygin. - M .: TsOKR of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2006 ..

Despite the preventive measures taken, violations of official discipline and legality in the internal affairs bodies still remain at a fairly high level. This causes serious concern in society, contributes to the formation of a negative attitude of citizens towards the internal affairs bodies, and reduces the effectiveness of measures taken to strengthen confidence in them.

The development of psychological monitoring of deviant behavior of police officers and the subsequent correction of this behavior are the basis for further improvement in the prevention of violations of service discipline and legality by personnel. As a system, it should include two main areas (preventive and rehabilitation) and be implemented in the following conditions:

- increasing respect for the chosen profession among employees and establishing a progressive organizational culture in the internal affairs department;
- development of the institution of guarantee for candidates for service in the Department of Internal Affairs;
- expanding publicity in activities, the presence of public control and criticism from public institutions and the population over the functioning of the police department;
- formation of the correct attitude of the management and all employees to professional deformation, conducting periodic examination for its presence and taking appropriate measures of influence;
- creating an innovative climate for the introduction of forms and methods that contribute to the professional and personal growth of the personnel of the Department of Internal Affairs;
- variety of forms of leisure activities, since today a significant part of offenses and emergencies are still committed during off-duty hours.

Success in the application of these measures to prevent violations of discipline and legality among the personnel of the internal affairs department, of course, largely depends on the position taken by leaders at various levels. If they themselves do not demonstrate examples of a responsible and disciplined attitude to business (and thus do not assert their authority), instead of them, informal leaders will exert an active influence on their subordinates. If the latter are undisciplined people, their behavior pattern will leave a negative imprint on the behavior of other employees. It is extremely important to increase the role of leaders in the daily educational work with personnel. It depends on its quality whether such moral characteristics as a sense of duty and responsibility, conscience and intransigence towards antisocial manifestations can be formed and manifested in subordinates.

The issues of legal and moral and ethical regulation of the behavior of civil servants of the law enforcement service are also the most acute. In fact, at present in Russia there is a revival of the institute public service. The traditions of public service, the moral foundations of selfless service to the Fatherland, loyalty to Duty and Honor have largely been eroded not only by history, but also by the now cultivated market-dealing attitude to life, its values and tasks.

The measures taken in 2006 managed to reverse the negative trends in compliance with the requirements of the rule of law. For the first time in the past four years, the number of employees prosecuted for crimes has decreased. The number of those held accountable for committing malfeasance has decreased, and the number of managers who have committed illegal acts related to abuse of power has decreased. Nevertheless, the number of violations of discipline and legality in the internal affairs bodies is still quite high.

The greatest specific weight have misdemeanors of a criminal procedural nature associated with an unlawful refusal to protect the rights and legitimate interests individuals and legal entities that have suffered from criminal encroachments: hiding crimes from registration, unlawful refusals to initiate criminal cases and illegal termination of cases.

A significant number of those brought to justice for malfeasance and crimes against justice. This causes serious concern in society, contributes to the formation of a negative attitude of citizens towards law enforcement agencies, and reduces the effectiveness of measures taken to strengthen confidence in them.

In this regard, it was pointed out that it is necessary, as a matter of priority, to organize the fulfillment of the requirements of the Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated 01.02.2007 No. 120 “On the comprehensive reform of the system of educational work in the internal affairs bodies”. This order implies the organization of effective interaction of educational apparatuses with departments of their own security, personnel and psychological support, personnel inspections in the work to eradicate phenomena of corruption, bribery, extortion, mutual responsibility, betrayal of the interests of the service, as well as drunkenness, alcoholism and addiction.

Among law enforcement officers who are characterized by a low level of professional activity efficiency and are prone to disciplinary violations, with a high degree of probability the following psychological types can be distinguished: passive-dependent, impulsive-aggressive, rigid-paranoid and hyperthymic personalities Lichko A.E. Psychopathy and character accentuation in adolescents. - M.: Medicine 1983..

Passive-dependent personalities are inhibited, with reduced activity. They are characterized by a passive personal position, a tendency to constant reflection, inertia in decision-making, skepticism, self-doubt, comfort, the desire to follow prescriptions and instructions in everything. The main features of this type are chronic anxiety, fearfulness, extreme indecision and a tendency to doubt. Possible failures and danger, which sometimes exist only in their imagination, frighten them more than what is happening in reality. Increased anxiety is combined with complete disbelief in one's abilities, fear that at the right time there will not be enough strength to cope with life's difficulties. People of this type always doubt everything. They endure any changes and violations of the usual stereotype of life with difficulty. As protection against constant anxieties and painful doubts, they develop pedantry, excessive punctuality and petty accuracy. Fearing for the future, they try to foresee and foresee everything in advance, come up with special rules and instructions, the implementation of which should prevent any surprises. It is recommended that such persons not be appointed to positions associated with constant neuropsychic stress, conditions of confrontation, great responsibility, the need for quick decision-making, and flexibility of behavior. Correction of the behavior of such employees should be associated with the focus of measures to increase self-esteem and self-confidence. It is necessary to explain that "the one who does nothing is not mistaken." To cultivate strong-willed qualities: courage, perseverance, determination, purposefulness.

Impulsive-aggressive individuals are characterized by a constant, strongly pronounced disregard for social norms and low self-control. They do not know how to regulate their behavior and cannot foresee the consequences of their actions. They are distinguished by aggressiveness, a tendency to dysphoria, and excessive alcohol consumption. This type of people is extremely changeable in mood, and it is often unpredictable. The reasons for an unexpected change in mood can be the most insignificant, for example, someone accidentally dropped an offensive word, someone's unfriendly look, etc. Much in their psychology and behavior depends on the momentary mood of these people. Reprimands, condemnations, reprimands, lectures are deeply experienced, capable of plunging into hopeless despondency or provoking an outbreak of aggression. A feature of this type of character is affective explosiveness, unrestraint, incontinence of actions. Decisive for the way of life and behavior of such people is not prudence, but drives, instincts and impulsive impulses. They often come into conflict, start disputes and quarrels. The reason for this is the most insignificant, but especially strong attacks of anger arise when personal interests are infringed. At the slightest provocation, they give aggressive reactions, proceeding according to the type of "short circuit". The contemplation phase of an action often falls out of their behavior. The affect manifests unbridled rage, aggressiveness, indifference to the weaknesses and helplessness of the enemy and, conversely, the inability to take into account his superiority. Employees with a similar personality must be taught to control themselves in any situation, and especially in an extreme one. You should not enter into disputes, avoid categorical statements addressed to them.

Unsuitable for service in the internal affairs bodies in any capacity are employees belonging to a rigid-paranoid personality type. This type is characterized by exaggerated persistence in defending one's own opinion, straightforwardness, lack of psychological flexibility, low switchability when the situation changes; they tend to form rigid and hard-to-correct attitudes. They can easily form "stuck" hostility, vindictiveness. Behavior tends to self-affirmation, suspicion, hostility towards others, stubbornness and aggressiveness. The essential features of this type are isolation, isolation from the environment, inability or unwillingness to establish contacts, reduced need for communication. To this should be added a lack of intuition, an inability to empathize - an inability to share the joy and sadness of another, to understand resentment, to feel someone else's excitement and anxiety. Sometimes this personality trait is referred to as a weakness of emotional resonance. To all these shortcomings, one can add the inability to convince others.

Sometimes they are ridiculed and even severely persecuted by other people, sometimes, because of their independence, cold restraint, they establish a significant distance between themselves and those around them.

This type of employee needs to master the techniques of self-regulation. In a conflict situation, it is important for them to take the initiative, make concessions, and they will respond in kind. We must try not to bring disputes to conflicts. It is advisable to orient them towards the development of interest in the spiritual life of those around them, a benevolent attitude towards their problems.

The fourth group consists of the so-called hyperthymic personalities. This category of people has ease in making decisions, a condescending attitude towards their mistakes and shortcomings, high self-esteem, arrogance of behavior, inconstancy in affections. These characteristics are quite natural for adolescence, but act as infantilism for an adult, so in this case we are talking about the emotional immaturity of such employees. In a stressful situation, they are bold and resolute, show excessive, but not always purposeful activity, often do not fully understand the current difficult situation. For persons of this type, high spirits are characteristic, regardless of the circumstances. They are always active, energetic and cheerful, but their interpersonal relationships unstable, easily moving from hot affection to complete indifference and new hobbies. Due to their increased activity, these people are illegible in the choice of acquaintances and therefore often find themselves in a dubious environment. In relations with people, they strive for leadership, and not formal, but actual - they certainly want to lead everyone and interfere in everything. They often turn out to be the initiators of violations of discipline, they are not distinguished by accuracy in fulfilling both voluntary promises and necessary requirements. In a situation of strict control, this type of employee has more frequent or intensified outbursts of irritation and anger. Alcohol for hyperthyms is a serious danger, they easily take the path of frequent and regular drinking. They love to "cheat". Easily indulge in dubious adventures. Illegal transaction, petty theft in their eyes do not have the character of a serious offense. Failures can cause a violent affective reaction, but not unbalance for a long time. It is desirable for subjects of this type to select a job where resourcefulness, confidence, courage, reasonable risk, creativity, etc. are required, and not to plan monotonous and monotonous work. It is necessary to teach them to manage themselves and control their actions, it is also advisable to have constant third-party control over their behavior and performance of service.

Common to all four psychological types is low psycho-emotional stability, conflict, inability to effectively and quickly resolve conflict situations, a tendency to stereotypical forms of behavior and professional deformation. In this regard, the tasks of corrective work should be aimed at creating an optimal moral and psychological climate in the team of employees, skillfully resolving service conflicts, correcting inadequate behavioral stereotypes, helping to overcome psychological barriers and promptly professional adaptation. The skillful use of the principles of mentoring, the optimal organization of working conditions and the support of traditions that consolidate the team are an important condition for the prevention of negative phenomena. Many negative phenomena, such as a decrease in professional motivation, alcohol abuse, improper treatment of citizens are closely related to inadequate forms of psychological protection and excessive psycho-emotional stress.

3. Patriotism, courage, nobility, generosity - the most important ethical qualities shown by the defenders of the Fatherland - soldiers of law and order during the Great Patriotic War. Give examples of the heroic chronicle.

The historical path of the combat unit of the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs is striking in the volume and level of the assigned and completed service and combat missions. Formed on June 17, 1924, the division named after F.E. Dzerzhinsky passed a truly glorious path, not repeated by anyone.

The main milestones in the history of the oldest unit in the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia were the protection of important government facilities in the capital of the young Soviet republic in the 20s, the fight against banditry and Basmachi in the 30s. In the formidable 40s - the heroic defense of Moscow, the construction of defensive lines and structures, the protection of government communication lines, law enforcement and the identification of enemy saboteurs in the capital of the Fatherland, as well as participation in battles on the Western and Volkhov fronts. During the years of World War II, almost 12,000 German soldiers and officers were destroyed by division snipers.

In 1945, Dzerzhin soldiers received a special honor for guarding the Yalta and Potsdam conferences of the heads of government of the anti-Hitler coalition. At the Victory Parade in the 45th, it was the fighters of the division who were given the honorable right to throw the banners of the defeated Reich at the foot of the Mausoleum.

In the post-war years, the personnel of the unit continued to improve their combat skills and military training. For decades, the division named after F.E. Dzerzhinsky was recognized as right-flank in the Internal Troops. The personnel of the compound were involved in serious tasks of protecting public order and ensuring public safety during the Olympic Games and World Festivals of Youth and Students in Moscow, eliminating the terrible consequences of earthquakes in Tashkent and Spitak, protecting the perimeters of the exclusion zone after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.

The Great Patriotic War is the most cruel and bloody of all the wars that the history of mankind has known. For 1418 days and nights from the Barents to the Black Sea there was a merciless battle with Nazi Germany and its satellites.

In the forefront went to the front and employees of the internal affairs of Transbaikalia. Of the 919 people drafted into the Red Army, most were highly qualified specialists who had undergone solid combat training in the army and in the service in the internal affairs bodies. Among them are operatives, district commissioners, IT workers, etc. In the first months of the war, about 25% of the personnel were sent to the front, and by 1943, in some police agencies, the personnel had already been renewed by 90-97%.

The rest were assigned big tasks. Already on the first day of the war, the regional department of internal affairs of the Chita region issued an order to cancel holidays and recall vacationers, returning them to their place of service. Employees were not allowed to leave their place of residence outside their place of residence without special permission from management. The work of all the main services and the administrative apparatus was subordinated to the new routine. Most of the employees switched to an enhanced version of service and a different work schedule than before, which included full evening hours until 01:00 am. The outdoor service instead of three shifts began to exhibit two shifts of 12 hours. On August 4, 1941, an order was issued by the NKVD of the Chita Region, which stated: “The current situation of the war between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany obliges us to intensify defense work to train all personnel of the NKVD. It is necessary in the shortest possible time to master the knowledge and handling of military weapons and the ability to use them in any situation.

In accordance with this order, all divisions created study groups for the study of weapons and their practical application. Of course, special attention was paid to the training of new recruits.

Along with the protection of public order, additional tasks were assigned to the police. With the widespread introduction of a rationing system for food and industrial products in the rear, special attention was focused on combating theft, theft, and speculation. New areas of work have also appeared: the fight against desertion from the army, against looting, against the spreaders of all kinds of provocative rumors and fabrications.

The Chita Criminal Investigation Department worked hard and productively during the war years. A troubled, difficult time gave rise to a wave of crime, characterized by the presence of brutal murders, robberies, robberies, thefts of food. Underground manufacturers of ration cards and whole groups of scammers who profit from someone else's misfortune have appeared.

Thanks to the activities of the criminal investigation apparatus, the BHSS, the external service and other units, as well as the active assistance of the local population, a large increase in crimes was not allowed during the war years. The police worked so quickly and professionally that almost no crime remained unsolved. And in the rear I had to show courage, ingenuity, sometimes take risks own life in battles with a hidden, but very dangerous enemy. The crimes committed at that time are striking in their cruelty and deceit.

During the war years, a whole galaxy of outstanding personalities and talented leaders appeared in the police ranks of Transbaikalia. Their prototypes were recreated in the film "The meeting place cannot be changed" and in other films that have become classics of Russian cinema.

Many glorious cases are on the account of another very prominent figure in the Chita Criminal Investigation Department - Nikolai Savelyevich Arzubov. He was a born detective and organizer of the work of the criminal investigation department. His talent to solve the most complex and intricate crimes is still legendary.

At the beginning of 1943, he, as the most experienced and capable employee, was appointed to the post of deputy chief of the criminal investigation department. He had an amazing, one might say phenomenal memory. He knew the criminal world well, knew how to subtly and intelligently determine the main directions of the search. In extreme situations, he acted clearly, decisively, energetically, and most importantly - effectively.

During the war, law enforcement soldiers not only worked selflessly in the areas assigned to them, but also actively worked on the cultural front, raised the fighting spirit of people with the power of art, inspired them to exploits in the name of achieving the great Victory.

In the Great Patriotic War formations and units of the NKVD troops fought the enemy in the border areas, defended Moscow and Leningrad, the Brest Fortress, Kyiv, Odessa, Voronezh, Stalingrad, defended the North Caucasus, fought heavy battles on the Kursk Bulge. In total, during the war years, 53 divisions and 20 brigades of the NKVD troops took part in the battles. 18 military units were awarded orders or honorary titles. 97,700 servicemen of the troops gave their lives in the fight against the enemy. For courage and heroism shown in the battles for the Motherland, over 100 thousand soldiers and commanders were awarded state awards, 295 pupils internal troops became Heroes of the Soviet Union, and Major General A.I. Rodimtsev, Major General I.I. Fesin and Major V.M. Golubev was awarded this high title twice.

moral deformation deviant

Violations of discipline and legality as a form of deviant behavior of employees of bodies

internal affairs
Osintseva Angela Valentinovna, Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Senior Lecturer, Department of Criminology, Psychology and Pedagogy, Tyumen Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Tyumen, Russia
Over the past decades, the indicators of the proportion of facts of violation of the law by police officers in the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia as a whole increased from 8.7 in 1998 to 18.7 in 2004; the number of crimes committed by police officers - from 3.4 units to 3.8, respectively. 1 In 2007, more than 140,000 violations of discipline and legality were committed by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia; in 2006, the number of convicted police officers was 1,961; In 2008-2010, facts were made public gross violations law on the part of employees of the internal affairs bodies associated with the unreasonable use of service weapons, abuse of power, hooligan actions. The incident that occurred on April 27, 2009 in a Moscow supermarket, when the head of the Tsaritsyno police department, being able to alcohol intoxication shot the cashier and customers, caused numerous discussions, both in society and in official circles, on the topic of responsibility and behavior of law enforcement officers. In this regard, a number of measures were planned and carried out in the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia aimed at solving personnel problems in the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. In December 2009, a meeting of the Collegium of the Ministry was held on the issue “On measures to implement the Message of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of November 12, 2009 and the execution of previously given instructions to improve the efficiency of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in ensuring public safety, protecting the rights and legitimate interests of citizens , strengthening the human resources of internal affairs bodies and combating corruption”. A special role in reforming the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia is assigned to the divisions of personnel, educational and psychological direction. At a meeting of the Collegium of the Ministry, the leadership expressed the need to take into account the moral and psychological state of employees and the socio-psychological climate in service teams. The Message of the President of the Russian Federation notes: “In order to successfully fight corruption, all areas of public administration must become open to society, including the activities of government bodies. state power... The most energetic measures must be taken to purify the ranks of the militia and special services from unworthy employees. 3 The growth in the number of violations of the law not only reduces the effectiveness of the activities of the internal affairs bodies, but also causes the formation in the mass consciousness of an opinion about the incompetence, corruption of the employees of the internal affairs bodies, undermines their authority and the authority of the entire state apparatus.

According to the results of research by the Research Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the framework of monitoring public opinion on the problems of crime and the activities of internal affairs bodies 4, one can judge the level of criminological anxiety of the population and expectations from the activities of law enforcement officers (Fig. 1).

In the list of various fears of the population of Russia, the fear of suffering from the arbitrariness of law enforcement agencies was revealed. In light of developments in recent years, these numbers are likely to be much higher.

Fig.1. Fears of the population of Russia

For departments and departments of internal affairs throughout Russia, work to strengthen service discipline and respect for the rule of law among personnel remains among priority areas performance and is under constant control of managers at various levels. However, many of the measures taken are often formal. Statistical indicators of violations of discipline and legality are deliberately reduced by artificial means, the facts of misconduct by police officers are often hushed up or go unpunished at all.

As you know, any negative behavioral manifestation of a person is always better to prevent than to deal with its consequences. A person with a propensity for deviations (i.e., a person with preconditions, a readiness for destructive actions, having already given patterns of antisocial behavior) is most likely to commit a misdemeanor in a social (professional) situation that is relevant to such expectations and attitudes.

The psychological aspects of deviant behavior have been a topical issue in psychology in recent years. There are many approaches to the topic of deviant behavior in various sciences. For law enforcement agencies, one of the most important is the problem of deviant behavior of police officers, cadets of educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. A variety of manifestations of socially deviant behavior (aggression, violations of discipline and legality, the use of alcoholic beverages and drugs, suicidal behavior) are unacceptable in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. Deviant behavior is a system of actions or individual actions that are contrary to legal or moral norms accepted in society. At the same time, normal behavior, as a rule, is understood as normatively approved behavior that is not associated with a painful disorder, which is characteristic of most people.

It is customary to attribute alcohol and drug addiction, aggressive behavior, suicidal actions, and crime to the types of deviant behavior. Zmanovskaya E.V. proposes the following classification of deviations:

1. Aggressive behavior (including auto-aggression).

2. Delinquent behavior (associated with the antisocial orientation of the individual and antisocial attitudes).

3. Dependent behavior (associated with the use of alcohol and drugs. 5

All these forms of deviant behavior are fully included in the list of offenses for which a police officer is legally responsible and which do not correspond to the image of a professional police officer. In the study of deviant behavior significant place is devoted to the study of its causes, motives and conditions conducive to its formation. In deviantology, there are two diametrically opposed points of view on the conditioning of deviant behavior: natural-biological and social-reductionist. The first theory explains the causes of deviant behavior by personality traits (personal dispositions, originality of genetic organization, type of GNI, etc.). The second considers the socio-economic conditions of a person's life to be the main determinant of deviant behavior. Thus, the formation of deviant behavior is influenced by both external (environmental) and internal (in particular, psychological) factors. Without disputing the significance of the scientific points of view presented above, it seems that the most important aspect in the analysis of the determinants of deviant behavior of a person is personal choice, i.e. a specific act or misconduct of a person, realized in accordance with those situations in which a difficult task was solved for the first time. The basis of personal choice is made up of actions committed in accordance with prototype schemes - generalized models of life situations and ways of acting in them. 6 In this regard, the behavior of police officers must be interpreted from the point of view of psychological intrapersonal categories and formations (implicit representations, meanings, relationships) that determine specific actions (or misconduct) in the course of their professional activities.

In order to study ideas about the image of an employee of the internal affairs bodies, a research work aimed at studying the ideas of persons at different stages of the professional development of a police officer. The results obtained, in the future, made it possible to develop special classes that correct in the desired direction the ideas of students at the university of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia about a police officer and his professional activities. The study was aimed at testing the assumption that there are differences in the ideas about the image of police officers at different stages of professional development that characterize deep levels of consciousness. The total number of participants in the experiment was 65 people, including 4 groups of police officers (with work experience of 10-15 years, cadets of the 1st, 3rd and 4th courses of the Youth Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia). The method of intergroup comparison was used in the work. To test the hypothesis, an interview questionnaire was developed aimed at identifying the characteristics of ideal and real image and official activities of the police officer. The survey was conducted in the form of focus groups. The obtained data were processed by the method of content analysis. To identify the significance of differences and obtain evidence-based results, the Student's T-test method was applied.

After an intergroup comparison of ideas about the image of an internal affairs officer for all groups of subjects, the following conclusions were made:

1. Ideas about real police officer among the first-year subjects of the higher education institution of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia are of a negative nature (the police officer is sloppy, rude in dealing with citizens, prone to drinking alcohol, does not know the laws). A real police officer is described by third-year students in a detached way from the personality of the subjects themselves and is colored by stereotypes characteristic of modern public opinion (in their opinion, a real police officer is prone to commit offenses, bribery, corruption, he causes concern, but they turn to him for help and he can help people). The police officer, described by the 4th year students and practical workers with work experience, is close to direct professional activity and a successful image (professional, legally literate, an example for others, a patriot of his Motherland, principled, serves the law, is physically developed).

2. The ideal image of a police officer among first-year students is clearly pro-social in nature (discipline, education, diligence, knowledge of rights and obligations, command of speech and psychological tricks work). For students of the 3rd and 4th courses, the image of an ideal police officer is associated with romantic ideas about the profession, the unreality of existence and its correlation with superheroes from films. The ideal employee in the views of experienced practical workers of the internal affairs department is close to the real image they received (educated, professional, morally stable, loves work, executive, disciplined).

3. When applying the method of mathematical statistics (Student's t-test), we obtained statistically significant differences between data matrices by real the police officer in all groups of subjects, except for the fourth year and experienced police officers (their ideas about the real image of the employee are similar). Ideas about the ideal police officer are statistically significantly different only among 4th-year students (only they noted the high significance and frequency of occurrence of characteristics associated with the communicative side of professional activity, which distinguishes their image from all others).

In the course of the presented study, it is shown that in the ideas about the image of a police officer among persons at different stages of professional development, there are differences that characterize the deep levels of consciousness. The image of a police officer is negative, the need for purposeful formation of a positive image of a police officer at different stages of professional development is revealed.

One of the significant determinants of violations of the law among police officers is the very close contact of law enforcement officers with crime. In the course of their professional activities, law enforcement officers often have to work with carriers of elements of the criminal subculture, persons previously convicted of crimes. The consequence of this is a natural process of getting used to the jargon, gestures, behavior of representatives of the criminal environment, which further contributes to its transfer to communication with ordinary citizens. I.I. Karpets wrote back in 1992 that “it is no less a tragedy for police officers that they are subject to the reverse influence of the criminal world itself. They see the evil of violent crime and become accustomed to the use of violence themselves.” 7

Thus, the deviant behavior of an employee of the internal affairs bodies can be defined as individual misconduct of an individual (or their combination) that is in conflict with the legal, moral and social norms adopted as the basis for the professional activity of an employee in the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. The act of a person is more often defined as an action, evaluated as an act of moral self-determination, in which a person is affirmed as a person. An act is usually called a socially approved behavior in which an independent choice is made (motives, goals, methods of action, etc.). In the case of deviant behavior, we are talking about a misconduct in which a choice is also made, but it is already colored by a socially disapproved orientation. The prerequisite for the formation of this kind of misconduct of police officers are the specific conditions of professional activities of law enforcement agencies, personal dispositions (for example, character accentuations or criminogenic qualities of a person) and professional deformation of a police officer. Influencing the personality of police officers, the specific conditions of official activity often lead to undesirable changes in their worldview, the system of moral values, the self-concept, the manifestation in the psychological structure of the personality of such traits that begin to negatively affect the implementation of professional activities. In the presence of background phenomena (difficulties of a socio-economic, ideological nature, alcoholism and drug addiction, a decrease in the prestige of state authorities and administration in modern Russia, etc.), these prerequisites are a powerful trigger for the beginning of the formation of an antisocial person's activity.

The presence of facts of deviant behavior is unacceptable in a structure designed to combat delinquent, aggressive and dependent behavior. Therefore, work aimed at studying the problem of deviant behavior of police officers has a high social significance and requires close study by representatives of legal and psychological sciences.

UDC 316.356.2
THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF THE PROBLEM

DEFECTIVE PATH BEHAVIOR
Pastukhova Marina Vladimirovna, assistant of the department of general psychology, competitor of the Ryazan state university named after S.A. Yesenin, Ryazan, Russia
Various problems of childhood and parenthood remain relevant for many decades of the history of society and are of particular importance at the present time.

Among the most pressing issues at the forefront are the problems associated with an increase in the number of divorces and an increasing number of single-parent families, when children are brought up away from their fathers, many of whom stop communicating with the child. The current situation has an extremely negative impact on child-parent relationships, the upbringing and development of the child's personality.

Separately, there is the problem of insufficient interaction between father and child in a complete family, when, due to constant employment or due to unwillingness to communicate, the father does not pay due attention to his child and is only formally in the role of the father, which also negatively affects the development and upbringing of children.

Many modern authors studying various aspects of paternity and the influence of the father on the personality of the child emphasize that, despite the indisputable relevance of these issues, the problem of the role of the father currently remains practically unexplored (Yu.V. Evseenkova, T.B. Belyaeva and others .)

At the same time, the problem of deviant paternity, despite its obvious significance and comprehensibility, remains even less developed than the problem of paternity in general, and is often reduced to studying the issues of raising a child in an incomplete family or is replaced by them.

However, according to R.V. Manerov, the problems associated with deviant paternity are very acute and relevant in our time.

R.V. Manerov lists the following forms of deviant paternal behavior, often combined and complementing each other: leaving the family, refusing to live together with his wife (girlfriend) and his (often unborn) child; display of violence towards your child; indifference towards your child.

Causes of deviant paternal behavior, according to R.V. Manerov, should be sought, first of all, in the egocentrism, infantilism, sexual promiscuity of men. And this, in turn, is associated with a low level of formation of the paternal relationship matrix.

The issue of parenthood is extremely relevant at the present stage of development of society and has broad prospects for study, both in our country and abroad.

Literature

Belyaeva T.B. Stereotypes of modern fatherhood [Text] / T.B. Belyaeva, O.V. Sokol // Materials of the second All-Russian scientific conference "Psychological problems of the modern Russian family" in 3 hours - Part 1 / ed. VC. Shabelnikova, A.G. Leaders. - M., 2005. - S. 123-132.
Borisenko Yu.V. The problem of paternity modern society[Text] / Yu.V. Borisenko, A.G. Portnova //Questions of psychology. - 2006. - No. 3. - P.122 - 130.
Evseenkova Yu.V. The system of relations in the dyad "father - child" as a factor in the development of personality [Text] / Yu.V. Evseenkova // Family psychology and family therapy. - 2003. No. 4. - P. 30 - 47.
Ermikhina M.O. Formation of Conscious Parenthood Based on Subjective-Psychological Factors [Text]: Ph.D. psychol. Sciences / M.O. Ermikhin; Kurgan state. university - Kazan, 2004. - 168 p.
Manerov R.V. The psychology of fatherhood. / R.V. Manerov // Yearbook of the Russian Psychological Society: Materials of the 3rd All-Russian Congress of Psychologists June 25-28, 2003: in 8 volumes - St. Petersburg, 2003. V. 5. S. 284 - 288 [Electronic resource].
Ovcharova R.V. Psychology of parenthood [Text] / R.V. Ovcharova. – M.: Academy, 2005. – 368 p.
Pastukhova L.A. Child-parent relationships in families with children with underdevelopment of the intellect [Text]: thesis ... cand. psychol. Sciences / L.A. Pastukhov; Yaroslavl state. ped. un-t im. K.D. Ushinsky. - Yaroslavl, 2006. - 216 p.
Development of the personality of the child [Text] / under. ed. A.M. Fonareva - M.: Progress, 1987. - 269 p.

UDC 159.922.62

THE PROBLEM OF PEOPLE'S DELINQUENT BEHAVIOR

OF LATE MATURE AGE: SOCIO-ACMEOLOGICAL ASPECT
Persidskaya Alexandra Evgenievna, candidate pedagogical sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Theory and History of Pedagogy, Transbaikal State Humanitarian and Pedagogical University named after N.G. Chernyshevsky, Chita, Russia
Delinquent behavior, as one of the types of deviant behavior, has been studied by many researchers and defined as unlawful, criminal, deviating from the laws established in a given society and at a given time, threatening the well-being of other people or the social order, and criminally punishable in its extreme manifestations. Significant studies are currently devoted to the delinquent behavior of minors (E.V. Zmanovskaya, E.I. Brovko, M.G. Dmitriev, V.V. Rybin, S.T. Suleimanova, etc.), but the increase in the number of crimes committed by people over the age of 50: pre-retirement and retirement age. According to age periodization (L.D. Stolyarenko, 1999; A.A. Rean, 2003, G. Greig, 2003), the age over 50 years is called late maturity, adulthood and ends with old age (over 60 years).

Thus, the analysis of statistical data on the composition of convicts in the Trans-Baikal Territory for the period from 2000 to 2008. allows us to trace a sharp dynamic increase in convicted persons over the age of 50 from 3.8% of the total number of crimes in 2000 to 6.7% by the end of 2008, i.e., the increase in crimes was more than 90%. Interestingly, the crimes committed by this age group, include the vast majority of theft, intentional infliction of grievous bodily harm and robbery. Quite a large role is played by crimes committed while intoxicated. An attempt to explain this phenomenon leads us to identify the relationship between delinquent behavior and the transformation of modern Russian society.

The modernization of modern Russian society in the field of education, economics and politics is aimed at the younger generation, leaving older people out of these processes. There is no doubt that these factors cause socio-cultural changes in the further socialization of people of late adulthood and old age. According to T.K. Hareven, the socialization of people of late adulthood and old age is characterized by changes in the position of older people in modern society: property ownership and income change, strategic knowledge is significantly overestimated, efficiency decreases, mutual dependence, traditions and religion play a different role, social roles become impoverished and role uncertainty arises. , there is a loss of the future.

Age features of a person of the considered age correspond to the fifth and last stage of age periodization according to V.I. Slobodchikov. Thus, the main tasks facing a person on the verge of late maturity is universalization, which marks the going beyond the limits of one's own individuality and the simultaneous appeal to the space of "common superhuman values as one's own". A mature person, as it were, identifies himself with God-humanity, realizes the universality of his spiritual essence, strives to gain Faith. The onset of human maturity marks the overcoming of contradictions between one's own creativity, productivity and stagnation, inertia; self-absorption and unity with the World; social isolation, rejection and care and mercy for other people.

In research in the field of acmeology (V.P. Bransky Yu.A. Gagin, A.A. Derkach, N.V. Kuzmina, A.I. Lyashchenko, V.N. Tarasova, G.P. Filippova, G.I. Khozyainov), which arose at the junction of natural, social and humanitarian sciences, the issues of phenomenology, patterns, mechanisms and methods of socialization and self-development of the personality at the stage of its formation of maturity are studied, and, importantly, attention is focused on achieving the highest level of development.

The period of a person reaching late maturity is one of the most responsible in the process of socialization. So, a person reaches the heights of intellectual development, his knowledge and experience in various spheres of life (professional, labor, interpersonal, etc.) is a unique fusion of creative self-actualization - acme. Acme (translated from ancient Greek - the highest point, peak, flourishing, maturity, best time) of a person is a phenomenon of the possibility of a person reaching the heights of his development as a species, individual, subject of activity, personality, individuality or perfection of activity (Yu.A. Gagin).

The signs of acme (according to A. Maslow) are a set of special states in which a person directly perceives the Universe as a living whole, and himself, respectively, as an integral part of it.

E.B. Starovoitenko, describing the achievement of the state of acme by a person, identifies the following indicators depending on the subjective attitude of the individual: mature intellectual attitude to life, activity-productive attitude to life, mature professional attitude to life, socially active attitude to life, mature moral attitude to life, aesthetic attitude to life, a conscious attitude of a person to himself as a subject of life activity.

N.V. Kuzmina identifies acmeological patterns as stable relationships between the level of productivity of the individual, the results that she achieves in a particular area of life, and various factors that determine this level. It is a vivid manifestation of acmeological patterns that can be seen when a person reaches late maturity.

There is no doubt that this category of the population is one of the most socially vulnerable in today's rapidly changing Russian society. Socio-economic factors are one of the most important reasons for the formation of delinquent behavior. A comparative analysis of the incomes of the population of the Trans-Baikal Territory showed that the incomes of the population have decreased by an average of 15% over the past 10 years; in 2008, 20% of the population of the region lives with cash incomes below the subsistence level. The average old-age pension amounted to 4,670 rubles, with a subsistence minimum of 3,447 rubles according to 2008 data. However, the cost of housing and communal services increased over the period from 2000 to 2008 by more than 10 times. At the same time, the life expectancy of the population of the region is 57.9 years for men and 70.4 years for women, i.e. the older generation of the Trans-Baikal Territory is in a difficult financial position, and men in most cases simply do not live up to retirement age. All these data testify to the socio-economic and demographic disadvantage of people over 50 years of age.

The socio-economic reasons for the growth of delinquent behavior among people over 50 are complemented by an increase in unemployment, when vacant positions require younger competent specialists with a modern level of education, mobile, creative, and highly competitive. Thus, the experience of this category of people remains unclaimed, and it is extremely difficult for them to find a worthy sphere for the realization of their professional knowledge after entering a well-deserved rest and maintain the standard of living and social status achieved during the period of employment. For a person of mature years, it can be extremely difficult, sometimes painful, the transition from a state of maximum activity, violent professional activity, social demand inherent in the period of acme, to its gradual curtailment, limitation due to the fact that health suffers, working capacity decreases and the need arises to compete. with younger people, at a time when a person in his years does not feel aging at all.

A sharp property stratification, a change in moral and ethical standards, a decrease in the role of social control, an ambiguous and contradictory effect of means mass media gives rise to the uncertainty of a person of mature age in his future, awareness of social injustice and devaluation of the achievements of the past. In other words, it can be said that the delinquent behavior of this age group is rather a reaction to the changes taking place in society, as an inability to adapt to modern realities.

Thus, the study of the problem of delinquent behavior of people of late adulthood indicates that the increase in the number of crimes committed by this age group is associated primarily with the socio-economic factors of socialization in modern Russian society. The delinquent behavior of people over 50 years of age is, in our opinion, a consequence of the inability to satisfy the fulfillment of the vital tasks facing this age group and achieve a certain state of acme.
Literature
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