480 rub. | 150 UAH | $7.5 ", MOUSEOFF, FGCOLOR, "#FFFFCC",BGCOLOR, "#393939");" onMouseOut="return nd();"> Thesis - 480 rubles, shipping 10 minutes 24 hours a day, seven days a week and holidays

240 rub. | 75 UAH | $3.75 ", MOUSEOFF, FGCOLOR, "#FFFFCC",BGCOLOR, "#393939");" onMouseOut="return nd();"> Abstract - 240 rubles, delivery 1-3 hours, from 10-19 (Moscow time), except Sunday

Kolodeznikova Inna Valentinovna Problems and trends of e-commerce in the global information network Internet: dissertation ... candidate economic sciences: 08.00.14.- Moscow, 2006.- 183 p.: ill. RSL OD, 61 06-8/3151

Introduction

Chapter 1. The role and place of electronic commerce in the modern Internet economy. pp. 9-49

1.1. The value of the Internet as a universal environment for the development of electronic commerce. pp. 9-19

1.2. The development of electronic commerce at the present stage. Basic types of models and organizational forms for e-commerce. pp. 20-35

1.3. Mobile means of conducting electronic business. pp. 36-49

Chapter 2 Prerequisites and conditions for the successful development of e-commerce. pp. 50 - 69

2.1 Prerequisites for the development of electronic commerce. pp. 50 - 55

2.2 Legal basis for e-commerce. pp. 56 - 63

2.3 Security issues when trading on the Internet. pp. 64 - 69

Chapter 3 Analysis of world experience in the development of electronic payments. pp. 70 - 96

3.1 Main methods of payment for goods and services in e-commerce and mobile commerce. pp. 70 - 74

3.2 International payment systems of the Internet. pp. 75 - 84

3.3 Studying the experience of functioning of electronic money in various countries. pp. 85 - 96

Chapter 4 Analysis of the development of e-commerce in Russia, pp. 97 - 130

4.1 Analysis of the state of the Russian e-commerce market. pp. 97 - 110

4.2 Problems of the development of electronic commerce in Russia and possible measures to eliminate them. pp. 111 - 124

4.3 Prospects for the development of electronic commerce. pp. 125 - 130

Conclusion. pp. 131 - 136

List of used sources and literature. pp. 137 - 147

Applications. pp. 148 - 183

Introduction to work

Relevance

Analysis of the development of electronic commerce is of particular relevance in the context of the formation new e-economy, the origin of which is the global information network Internet.

The forms of business cooperation generated by the practice of electronic commerce are becoming the subject of a wide range of special scientific research. Thus, in the field of e-commerce, knowledge is accumulated along with practical experience. The ability of businesses and governments to harness the power of e-commerce will be one of the key points competitiveness of enterprises and countries in the world economy of the XXI century.

The state of knowledge of the topic and the methodological basis of the dissertation work.

Taking as a basis the principle of a consistent objective analysis of historical processes, the experience of international economic organizations and various countries in the field of electronic commerce, the emphasis in the study, first of all, is on the study of documents of International Economic Organizations (UN, WTO, World Bank), the legislation of individual states in in the field of electronic commerce, information materials of international and national organizations, a wide range of scientific papers, as well as materials on the topic presented on the Internet.

The theoretical and methodological basis of the work was also made up of official Russian documents on electronic commerce.

As a methodological foundation of the study, the works of the classics of the theory of international economics, as well as modern scientists, were used.

The work also used the works of foreign scientists published in special literature and periodicals devoted to electronic commerce, analysis of its various forms (Barow K., Kose D., Imeri V, Gates B., Fegele 3., Stone V., Toffler A , Turban E. and others).

A wide range of theoretical and methodological aspects of the analysis of e-commerce in Russia are reflected in the works of Russian economists. Among them are the works devoted to:

the formation of a "new electronic economy" (Ivanova N.I., Mal'yanov V.V., Myasnikova L.A., Chashkin D.A., Shishkov V.Yu., Zuev A.S., Tsirel S.M.);

study of the role of the Internet in the development of electronic commerce (Popov V.N., Kostyaev R.N., Kostomarov E.N., Uspensky I.K., Ivanov N.P.);

the study of world experience in the field of electronic commerce (Sokolova A.A., Gerashchenko N.D., Dvoretsky A.K., Zelenfroyd M.S., Dyumulen I.I., Kochegarin D.A.);

Legal support for the development of electronic commerce in Russia
(Solovyanenko N.I., Kastelskaya A.M., Ekaterina G.K.);

Problems of security of conducting electronic business (Bykov V.V., Tsarev
V.K., Dvoretsky A.K.);

The state of the e-commerce market in Russia (Ryabtsun V.K., Liuhto

K, Medvedev V.A.). The information basis of the study was the data of official statistical and analytical materials of ministries and departments Russian Federation.

Dissertational research on certain aspects of the problems of electronic commerce considered in the work was studied (Marshavin R.A., Polikarpov A.N., Goryunov E.K., Yurga V.M.)

Thus, the problems of the development of electronic commerce and possible measures to eliminate them were studied taking into account the works of Russian and foreign scientists.

Materials of the official website of the National Association of E-Commerce Participants, other materials on this issue, presented on the Internet, were widely used in the work.

The purpose of the work is study of the role and place of electronic commerce in the modern economy, the importance of the Internet as a universal environment for conducting electronic commerce, analysis of the legal framework, prerequisites and conditions for the successful development of electronic commerce, as well as the study Russian experience and competitive advantages that Russia can get if this type of business is successfully run.

Substantiate the role and place of electronic commerce in the modern economy, taking into account the importance of the global information network Internet, as a universal environment for its maintenance;

study the prerequisites and conditions for the development of electronic commerce based on world experience in order to identify trends in the development of this type of business in the near future;

summarize and analyze international experience in the development of Internet payment systems and substantiate the guidelines for the development of electronic payments in Russia;

assess new trends and prospects for the development of e-commerce in Russia based on the analysis state of the art e-commerce market, as well as justify ways to overcome the problems of e-commerce in Russia in order to improve this part of Russian business.

Object of study.

The object of the study is the process of e-commerce on international markets, as well as the e-commerce market in Russia. The study is based on the nature, patterns, mechanisms and contradictions of the process of transition of traditional business to "electronic rails" in the new economy.

Subject This study is e-commerce as a new form of international economic relations in the world economy in the context of the formation of a "new electronic economy" (Internet economy).

Research hypothesis consists in deriving natural links between the development of the global information network Internet, electronic money payment systems and the current state of electronic commerce.

Scientific novelty dissertation consists in the formation of an integral system of ideas about the trends and problems of the development of electronic commerce, the impact of these trends and practices on the e-commerce market in Russia.

groups of factors influencing the development of electronic commerce in the global information network Internet are determined, directions for further development of electronic commerce are indicated;

a conclusion was made about the mutual influence of electronic commerce, infrastructure and payment systems, i.e. characteristics of the virtual and real environment;

The author's assessment of international legislation in the field of
e-commerce; concluded that it is necessary to combine efforts
various countries and international organizations in solving problems
e-commerce;

justified the need to form a unified international standards electronic money;

an assessment of the main factors determining the development and prospects of electronic commerce in Russia was developed and clearly structured, and measures were proposed to overcome problems in this area.

The practical significance of the work is that the results of the study, including conclusions and recommendations, can be used as a basis for assessing the current state of global and Russian electronic commerce, including economic, technical and legal aspects. Main conclusions and provisions dissertation research can be used as the basis for recommendations on developing models for the development of electronic commerce and payment systems in Russia in the long term. A number of practical suggestions can be used in the activities of commercial and manufacturing enterprises. The research materials are applicable in scientific and teaching activities on this topic.

Approbation of the study.

The main provisions and results of the dissertation research have been scientifically and practically tested, the most important provisions were presented at scientific and scientific-practical conferences of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia and in scientific articles, with a total volume of 4 pp.

Work structure It is built on the basis of the goals and objectives of the study, and consists of an introduction, four chapters, a conclusion, a list of references and applications.

1. Chapter 1

The role and place of electronic commerce in the modern Internet -

economy.

1.1. The value of the Internet as a universal environment for the development of electronic commerce.

International trade is currently developing under the influence of the leading trend in the world economy, which is called "globalization". This trend will determine the development in the beginning of the 21st century.

The globalization of economic activity is expressed in the ever greater expansion and deepening of international relations in the field of investment, production, circulation, supply and marketing, finance, scientific and technological progress, and education.

The growth rate of international trade over the past decades has been 2 times higher than the growth rate of production; foreign direct investment in the same years grew 3 times faster, and international transactions with shares - ten times faster. In international trade, trade in services, technologies, objects of intellectual property is increasing at a faster (compared to goods) pace.

Increasing technical influence on international trade provides scientific and technological progress. In the post-industrial society, which the developed countries have already entered and which Russia is entering, the economic growth is becoming more and more intensive (rather than extensive) and, moreover, innovative. New discoveries, inventions, technologies, fundamentally new goods and services are becoming a constant component of the economic process, which is predicted, planned, organized, including on the basis of expanding international cooperation.

In the modern world, knowledge and intellectual work are becoming the most important resource for the competitiveness of international companies and entire countries. Realizing this, industrialized countries are increasingly specializing in information metatechnologies. This is indirectly evidenced by a number of factors:

The structure of regional markets, more than 90% of which are concentrated in North America and Western Europe;

The concentration of the main part of the "information society" of the world (Internet users) in the most developed countries: more than 60% of them are concentrated only in North America and Europe;

3. By average number of Internet hosts 1 per capita
developing countries lag more than an order of magnitude behind developed countries. AT
In 2001, their ratio was 2 versus 87 hosts per 10,000 people 2 ;

4. More than half of all computers in use in the world
concentrated in the USA and Western Europe, as of 2003 in the world
used 735 million computers, while in the US and
Western Europe, their number was 418 million, respectively.
According to the forecast of the research agency Nua Internet Surveys by 2005
there will be more than one billion internet users in the world
Internet.

In North America, 41% of the population has access to the Internet, and in South Asia, where 1/5 of the world's population lives, less than 1% of the population may be online. The Asia-Pacific region accounts for 2%, Latin America - 3% of users. About 90% of Internet users are residents of industrialized countries (57%) - the USA and Canada). Internet users from Africa and the Middle East make up only 1% of the world's number, and 75% of the information transmitted over the Internet is in English. General

i (Internet - host computer connected to the Internet)

2 Chashkin D.A. Globalization of world markets. Foreign Economic Bulletin 2002 No. 12

the number of African Internet users with a population of 739 million people on the continent is 1.2 million, that is, approximately 0.16%, and 1 million of them, or about 87%, are residents of South Africa.

Due to a significant lag in the area information technologies, developing countries become dependent recipients of metatechnologies, which can completely deprive them of a prosperous economic development prospects. In addition, the lagging behind of developing countries is also caused by a decrease in prices for traditional resources and technologies due to their moral obsolescence. If the sale on the world market of one kilogram of crude oil brings 2 - 2.5 cents of profit, and pig iron - 20 cents, then a kilogram of household appliances gives $ 50, a kilogram of aviation equipment - $ 1,000, and a kilogram of electronics and information technology allows you to earn up to 5 thousand dollars. Therefore, developed countries are actively selling abroad not so much ecologically as "intellectually dirty", that is, too simple production, insuring themselves as much as possible against the negative consequences of their own technical breakthrough. Thus, a dangerous consequence of the development of new technologies may be to deepen the gap between developed countries and the rest of the world.

The Internet is one of the key technologies, since it plays a significant role in the development of economic globalization and is able to bring significant economic benefits to its users - recipients, not to mention the developers of Internet technologies. The Internet expands opportunities for access to information, financial, production and labor resources, allows you to significantly optimize the conduct of global communications and logistics, reduce costs; there is an opportunity to enter any geographic and global markets and niches.

s Shishkov 10.V. Information Society//Bulletin of Moscow University. - 2001. - No. 4. -p.114

Let us consider in more detail the influence of the Internet on the processes of economic globalization 4 .

In recent years, there has been a steady trend towards the transformation of information resources and knowledge into the most important strategic resource of the company. Despite the fact that the leading role in this area continues to be occupied by the United States, where about 75% of data banks (DBs) available in developed countries are concentrated, starting from the mid-1990s, along with the development of the World Wide Web , WWW), the "information gap" between the US and other countries is gradually shrinking as professional databases have become available on the Internet, which has significantly reduced the cost of connecting to them for non-US companies.

The banking sector has received great development on the Internet: as of March 2000 alone, more than 80 of the 100 largest banks in the world were present on the Web, which in the future will allow economic entities to have access to banking resources from all over the world. Many of the largest banks and corporations are uniting to create Internet exchanges. Thus, the leadership of the seven largest international 6aHKOBMorgan Stanley Dean, Witter, J.P. Morgan, Goldman Sachs, Bank of America, Credit Suisse First Boston, HSBC, Holdings PLC and UBS Warburg have created an electronic currency exchange. According to Jupiter Communications in 2000 in the US, 10% of households with Internet access from home used online banking services. According to the forecasts of the same company, this figure is expected to reach 48% by 2005 5 . Along with traditional banks, web-banks (web-bank) have appeared on the Internet, operating exclusively on the Web. The largest web banks are: NetBank, First Internet Bank, Wingspanbank,

4 Menshikov SYu. "Global Economy as the Most Important Phenomenon of Modernity".

VE, 2004 No. 1 - p.147

5 Bykov V.L. Electronic business and security/2000.- P.55

Compubank. Unlike traditional banks, web banks provide high interest rates, a fast and convenient payment system and account verification. The average bank interest in the US on checkable deposits is about 0.8%, and in web banks - about 4%. Active work is underway to introduce technology for making payments on the Internet using plastic cards - SET (Secure Electronic Transactions), which will provide additional protection for e-commerce and confidence in web banks 6 .

The Internet has significantly expanded the possibilities of access to production resources. An indirect confirmation of this is the fact that as of 1994-2004. the share of foreign affiliates in the assets of companies in the pharmaceutical, chemical, oil refining and food industries exceeded 40 percent. The online automotive market is undergoing major changes as a result of the joint efforts of automotive giants - General Motors (GM), Ford Motor Company and Daimler Chrysler. In December 2002, these companies opened the largest virtual buying and selling cooperative called Convisint. This project allows car manufacturers to purchase components from tens of thousands of suppliers in the complete absence of document flow. The founding companies expect to make purchases, on average, of $240 billion a year: GM $87 billion, Ford $80 billion, Daimler Chrysler $73 billion. In 2000, online gas and electricity sales were US$30 billion, and by 2005 they could rise to US$266 billion. According to Interactive Week magazine, more than half of Intel's 2002 sales of about $32 billion came from internet deals.

6 Large Yu.S. "Banking services for the population in the global Internet".Business

and Banks 2003, No. 12 - p.41

7 Ivanova N.I. National innovation systems / N.I. Ivanova - M.: 2002.-S. 155

The increasing role of knowledge in the management process, along with the widespread use of computers and the increasing complexity of the technical equipment of enterprises, have created an unprecedented high demand for highly qualified specialists, in particular in the field of information technology (IT), which is already forcing a number of countries to pursue a more liberal and flexible immigration policy in relation to

required staff. At the same time, there is a significant geographical gap between countries - exporters and countries - importers of human resources. Employers have to enter remote foreign markets in search of the specialists they need, transfer production from developed countries to developing ones, which leads to the globalization of the cheap labor market 9 . The Internet greatly simplifies the task of finding qualified personnel, as it provides global access to human resources, through online databases of recruitment agencies and personal pages of Web users. Companies can also select the right team for the project through their own website. As a result, there are increased opportunities to maintain flexible staffing patterns with the involvement of external consultants or partners, which solves the problem of demand for highly qualified specialists. With the development of web communications, the geographical factor of the location of the project participants begins to lose its restrictive value. Moreover, the exchange of knowledge through the Web makes it possible to use the time difference to quickly resolve the problems of foreign clients. For example, in the Pythia company, which specializes in software sales, Internet telephony is used only for communication of company engineers located in the USA with the main

For example, the US, Canada, Germany, and Australia have lowered immigration barriers for IT professionals.

Ivanov N.P. Globalization and social problems - economic development Russia / M.: IMEMO RAN, 2002, p.19

developers - in Greece. Thanks to the new communication capabilities of the Internet, there is an unprecedented high level of joint research among leading manufacturers and operators mobile communications such as Ericsson, Nokia, Motorola, Lucent Technologies, Panasonic and Sony 11 , which also partly serves to meet the demand for information technology professionals.

Finally, using the Internet, international companies can
go out with your goods/services to any

geographic/global markets and niches. One of the authoritative American experts in the field of Internet marketing, V. Imeri, notes on this occasion that starting marketing activities on the Internet, the company immediately begins to operate on a global scale 12 . This view is partly confirmed by the results of a survey conducted in early 2002 among 114 small and medium business hotels in Canada and the United States: 75.3% of them used the Internet to increase foreign clientele. A number of researchers also believe that any company that creates its website on the Internet becomes international 13 . Now small businesses have the opportunity to enter foreign markets via the Internet directly from home. Thus, low-cost global technologies such as the Internet have significantly reduced the advantage that large multinational companies previously had over small and medium-sized companies.

Thus, new information technologies and the Internet have a significant impact on the processes of economic globalization.

yu Gates B. Business at the speed of thought / M .: "Eksmo - press", 2001 .S.147

and Ivanova N.I. National innovation systems / M.: Nauka, 2002., S. 1 53

12 Imeri V. How to do business on the Internet? / KneB: Dialectika Publishing House, 1998. - P.201-201

13 Schulzki-Haddouti A. - E-commerce. Problem ball for
transatlantic relations. International Politic 2002 №3

and strengthening the international division of labor. Countries that do not take active steps to integrate these technologies into their infrastructure lose their competitiveness in the world market, as they cannot take full advantage of economic globalization. Moreover, the experience of the most successful developed countries shows that in order to achieve an economic breakthrough in the modern world, it is necessary not only to use new information technologies, but also to develop them. Otherwise, the country becomes a dependent recipient of these technologies, which does not allow it to compete with their developers.

Considering the influence of the Internet on all aspects of economic life, it can be considered as a source of new e-economy, characterized by extremely rapid growth, the creation of new opportunities for industrial and business activity, and the increase in jobs. The successful actors in this new economy are companies that can use information and manage knowledge in every aspect of business operations 14 .

The new economy, or the economy of the information age, arose as a result of the unification of individuals, entire enterprises into one information system of a global scale. This process, in which the Internet plays a leading role, is unique in its significance and deserves special attention.

The development of the Internet and the assessment of its impact on the processes in the economy are currently receiving increased attention not only in the business environment, but also in society as a whole. The scale and speed of the development of the Internet, as well as its significant potential, have made it very attractive for business, which allows us to speak about the emergence unique economic environment. New trends in the economy and forms of business activity generated by the development of the network

14 Zuev A.S., Myasnikova L.A. “Globalization, aspects about which little is said”, MEiMO, 2004, No. 8 - p.56

The Internet will stimulate the processes of theoretical analysis for a long time to come.
of this phenomenon, however, it is already clear today that the Internet is needed by business:
large companies and small firms use it as
information channel and distribution channel, marketing and
transaction structure. Companies are investing heavily in
development, support of the infrastructure of your business, improving both
internal corporate information systems, and

telecommunication systems providing integration into the world economy. The Internet as a new economic structure has a huge impact on the main processes for any company: innovation, production, exchange and customer service. At the same time, business technologies are changing, business processes are being improved, and a new corporate culture is being formed.

Today, when the ability of enterprises to combine the individual needs of consumers with efficient production has become a decisive factor in the success of businesses in the face of fierce competition, the Internet has a special role to play. Facilitating the transition of business to a new stage of development, the Internet allows not only to provide enterprises and organizations with the maximum consumer audience, but also to convey to manufacturers the preferences of each of them.

However, in order not to lose objectivity and consider the importance of the Internet from all sides, we note that although many economists associate the concepts of "new economy" and the information society only with the positive effects of the development of information technologies, the consequences of the spread of these technologies can be not only positive, but also negative. .

Obviously, technologies are expensive and cheap. This means that wealthy business entities can afford, with the help of more advanced technology, to obtain specific information that is not available to competitors. Therefore, uneven

the commercial spread of new technologies exacerbates the information asymmetry of the market, which creates an unhealthy atmosphere of large-scale speculation; violates the rules of trading (including on commodity, stock and currency exchanges). Such technologies can also be used to create a false image of certain companies, overestimate their credit ratings, blackmail (or creating a threat of its use).

The uneven distribution of new technologies floods the economy with such information that replaces fair competition with unfair competition. Such a replacement decomposes the fundamental market principles of the economy, significantly modifies the motivation of business, and exacerbates the problem of protecting property. Development of many advanced technologies focuses on the search and seizure of poorly protected property.

In a situation where the state is unable to protect the confidentiality of economic participants, the widespread commercialization of new technologies erodes the traditional principles of equal competition. Competition becomes unfair (quasi-market) and is conducted with harsh methods.

Despite the foregoing, one cannot ignore the pervasive use of the Internet and it would be more logical to consider the new economy as an Internet economy, in which e-commerce plays an important role as an integral part of e-business.

The Internet economy includes the following components:

A large number of personal computers combined in
global networks, software applications, human resources,
participating in the creation of an open and accessible network environment;

Interconnected electronic markets with different mechanisms
exchange, made possible by the availability of personal computers and
applications;

Buyers, manufacturers (suppliers), sellers in the mode
real time, as well as electronic intermediaries who
ensure the process of movement of goods and services to consumers;

Electronic payment systems used on the Internet -
transactions;

Legislative policy.

Some components of this new economy, such as the creation of electronic currencies and payment systems, as well as the creation of a unified legal framework for e-commerce, are still under development. Therefore, the consideration of these issues in our study seems to be very relevant.

1.2 The development of electronic commerce at the present stage. The main types of models and organizational forms for electronic commerce (E-commerce).

The rapid expansion of e-commerce has become an economic manifestation of the emergence of a new society in which growth, development, employment and living standards are increasingly dependent on information, an informed, educated workforce.

In all parts of the world, e-commerce has already become the focus of governments, businesses and legal bodies. Numerous developments and recommendations have appeared in the technical, economic, administrative and legal fields 15 .

The growth of e-commerce has been driven by the development
information infrastructure, improvement of payment systems
(including secure electronic payment technology SET - Secure
electronic transactions). With the increase in the number of electronic transactions
there is a need for more powerful computers, technologies
transmission of information, more reliable and faster systems for conducting
electronic payments. As a result, further
informatization of society, development of computer and

telecommunications industries, and hence the further development of the Network. Thus, the development of real economic infrastructure leads to an increase in the volume of electronic commerce and vice versa, that is, there is a mutual impact on each other of the characteristics of the virtual and real environment.

It is already clear that the ability of businesses and governments to harness the power of e-commerce

15 International economic relations // edited by Professor V.E. Rybalkin. M.2004

will become one of the key moments of the competitiveness of enterprises, companies and countries in the global economy of the XXI century.

As can be expected, e-commerce could radically change the structure of production and trade, eliminating the need for many ancillary structures such as distribution networks, resellers, wholesalers and even retailers. E-commerce is making very significant changes in the sphere of financial and telecommunication services. Many financial transactions are already carried out using online communications, electronic commerce erases time and distance between the participants in the transaction, while the seller immediately has access to the world market, and the buyer has the opportunity to choose from a huge number of goods and services offered.

Electronic commerce can significantly speed up the process of concluding a foreign trade transaction. Its aspects such as price comparison, supplier selection, ordering, preparation of payment and transport documents, can be automated and therefore completed in a very short period of time. E-commerce abolishes and minimizes slow and costly paperwork by replacing paper documents with electronic documents that are instantly sent electronically.

E-commerce not only speeds up the process of selling and buying specific goods and services. It allows you to significantly reduce the number of intermediaries in the purchase and sale. For example, an airline can sell tickets via the Internet directly to passengers, bypassing agencies. Many intermediate links can be excluded from the freight transport chain: the buyer of the transport service goes directly to the link he needs. Therefore, e-commerce is rapidly replacing many forms of intermediary business activities 16 . In the 1990s, the progress of e-commerce was especially great in a number of service sectors.

16 Dvoretsky A.K. - Prospects for the development of electronic commerce. BIKI 2002, No. 130-13 1

The financial sector has long been the main user of electronic data interchange for interbank transactions, insurance and other financial transactions using internal and external electronic networks. The development of e-commerce has also pushed ordinary buyers to use electronic banking, electronic money and other forms of payments.

Travel and tourism is an area where electronic transactions are rapidly replacing direct personal contact. The fact is that the search for information is the most important part of the activity travel agencies, and the presence of the Internet allows consumers of tourism services to go directly to where these services are provided. In the United States, the majority of consumers of tourist services have already switched to this system.

The advent of the Internet has led to a transformation in the entertainment industry. Moreover, it represents one of the industries where the digitization of products into the digital form of money makes them directly available to consumers.

E-trade is radically changing the distribution system of everything
more goods produced by manufacturing

industry.

E - trade began to develop mainly as an internal trade, but quickly crossed the state borders. Today, many e-commerce transactions can be attributed to international trade transactions, although the exact definition has not yet been developed.

The objects of e-commerce are, firstly, goods and services that can be converted into electronic (digital - digital) form. They are called "goods and services in digital format". But in modern conditions only a limited number of products

17 Dvoretsky A.K. - Electronic services in the global and Russian economy. BIKI 2002, No. 117

be supplied in digital form. These are printed materials, audio and video recordings, software, technical and architectural projects, and some others.

The range of services sold electronically is much wider. These are educational, medical, information, consulting, accounting, legal, scientific and technical and many other types of services.

The term "E-commerce" is also applied to transactions that ensure the sale and supply of goods and services. For example, transport services require physical transportation of goods or passengers, however, all preparatory and supporting operations can be carried out electronically, using electronic data interchange and by transmitting the necessary documents in electronic form. In the same way, the delivery of any product can be ensured through advertising, marketing, supplier selection, commercial negotiations, contract signing, preparation of all necessary documents and payment for the goods delivered in the end in the usual (non-electronic) way.

Therefore, the essence of the term "E - trade" is wider than the meaning of the term "trade". In the literature in English, the term "electronic commerce" (e-commerce) is used, usually translated into Russian by the term "E-trade". This translation (trade) is included in the UN glossary, and translators use the term "E-trade" as the Russian equivalent of the term "E-commerce". But in English, the term commerce (commerce) is broader than the term "trade" (trade). Perhaps, in the Russian terminology, the more accurate term “electronic commerce” should be restored, but for now we will use the term “E-commerce”.

Definition of the term "Electronic commerce (E-commerce)" and the development of a more accurate and clear economic and legal terms

the content of this term is a question behind which there are serious political and economic interests of many countries. The thing is that the exact definition of the term "E-trade" automatically entails its assignment to the competence of the GATT or GATS, or makes E-trade subject to both general agreements. This in turn will determine the commitments that countries must make in the field of e-commerce and the legal rules that governments must follow in the field of trade.

Questions about the definition and place of e - trade are widely discussed in the WTO. In this organization, there are different opinions about the place of e-commerce.

For example, the US tends to view e-commerce as a GATT domain, arguing that this approach paves the way for comprehensive e-commerce liberalization negotiations. In early 1998, the United States came to the WTO with a draft Declaration on the Liberalization of World E-Trade, which stated, in particular, the expediency of "continuing the existing practice of not imposing customs duties on operations within the framework of E-trade."

The European Union, for its part, proposed considering e-commerce as an object of regulation by the GATT and GATS: goods, the presentation is real, but executed electronically - the competence of the GATT; services supplied electronically - the competence of the GATS. At the same time, the European Union confirmed its agreement that the current practice of not imposing customs duties on electronic transmissions should be retained.

The so-called Model Law on Electronic Commerce developed by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL, 1996) does not define this term. However, it can be understood from the text of the law that the term "E-commerce" covers any methods and forms of data transfer (transfer of data between computers,

online communication, e-mail, and less complex shapes communications such as telephone and telefax). In a legal sense, electronic commerce “is the conclusion in international and domestic markets in computer form of the following transactions (but not limited to them): purchase and sale, supply, agreement on the distribution of products, activities of trade government or industrial cooperation, transportation of goods or passengers by air , sea, rail transport, investment contracts, insurance, operating and concession agreements,

banking services, joint activities and other forms.

One of the most universal definitions of e-commerce is given in a US government publication that states that “it is the paperless exchange of business information using the Internet, browsers, transaction applications, EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) electronic data interchange systems, email, teleconferencing, electronic money transfer systems and other online business tools. World Trade Organization(WTO) gives a clearer definition of e-commerce - "the production, distribution, marketing and sale of goods and services through telecommunications networks" 1 . According to the WTO, a special case of e-commerce is electronic trading (e-trading), which refers to the provision of goods or services to the consumer using electronic networks for a fee 20 . In other words, e-commerce, unlike WTO e-commerce, does not include manufacturing and marketing activities.

Solovyanenko I.I. Priorities of legislation in the field of electronic commerce / N.I. Solovyanenko // eCommerce World. - 2000. - No. 1. - p.60

What is electronic commerce/WTO, 1999; Tsarev B.V. Electronic commerce / V.V. Tsarev, L.A. Kantarovich - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2002.-p.33

Not everyone agrees with this terminology rightly believing that the concepts of "commerce" and "trade" are synonymous. According to the Longman Dictionary of BUSINESS ENGLISH by Pearson, one of the world's largest publishing companies, the term "commerce" (commerce) is defined, in a broad sense, as "the exchange of goods and services for money or other goods through trade (trade), as well as all related business transactions, such as payment, insurance, transportation and communications, that make such an exchange possible" 21 , at the same time, in a narrow sense, this term is defined by the same dictionary as "trade between buyers and sellers in various countries, i.e. international trade (foreign or overseas trade) ". Thus, it can be concluded that "electronic commerce" should be understood as "electronic commerce" in the narrow sense. For example, in a document created within the framework of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the term "electronic commerce" contains only the content of electronic commerce: - "electronic commerce refers to commercial transactions that involve both organizations and individuals, provided that that these transactions are related to the transmission and processing of digital information, including text, sound and visual data received from open (for example, the Internet) or closed networks that have access to open ones” 3 .

According to the above definitions, the beginning of the emergence of electronic commerce can be considered 1970, when the United States began to use electronic data interchange over computer networks - EDI 24 (Electronic Data Interchange) and electronic money transfer by banks in

21 Commerce// Longman Dictionary of BUSINESS ENGLISH.- M, 1993. - C.105

23 Popov B.M. Global business and information technology / V.M. Popov, R.A. Marshavin,

SI. Lyapunov. - M.: Finance and statistics. - 2001. - P.100

24 EDI is used by more than 50,000 European and 44,000 American companies, which
accounts for about 1% of the total number of companies in these countries. Timmers P. Electronic

computer networks - EFT (Electronic Funds Transfer). At the same time, the materials of the G8 give a broader interpretation of this term - "the use of electronic means to carry out commercial transactions" (to electronic means include telephone, fax, ATMs, EDI systems, televisions, the Internet, etc.). Therefore, according to this definition, e-commerce was used even before the advent of computer networks, which contradicts the above definitions of other international organizations.

Thus, to date, there is no single generally accepted definition of electronic commerce, which leads, in particular, to large differences in estimates of its volumes.

For example, according to a company that monitors Internet traffic in the second quarter of 2005, online trade turnover amounted to $21.1 billion, which is 2.2% of the total world trade turnover. According to its forecasts, in 2012 the turnover of online trade will cross the mark of 1 trillion dollars. According to the company's analysts, in the near future, online sales will account for 25% of all sales in the United States. Somewhat earlier, Forrester Research presented data that in 2005 the turnover of e-commerce will be 172 billion dollars, and in 2010 online sales will account for 13% of all sales in the US.

At the same time, Russian specialist in e-commerce Liuhto K. operates with completely different data. He claims that in 2004 the volume of the global Internet market B2B (business-to-business) reached 2.7 trillion dollars. According to his estimates, in the US in 2003 the volume of retail Internet sales reached the level of 96 billion dollars. In 2004 - already 117 billion dollars, which accounted for 6% of the total retail sales in this country.

25 Balabanov I.T. Electronic commerce / I.T. Balabanov. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2001. - P.190

Thus, the data on the volume of electronic commerce differ significantly among different researchers. However, all researchers agree that these volumes are steadily growing.

Along with electronic commerce, there is the concept of electronic business (e-business). Taking into account that business is any activity, including a one-time nature, aimed at making a profit, e-business should be considered as a form of business that is implemented to a large extent through the introduction of information and telecommunication systems into business processes, and e-commerce as its constituent part. I will also quote the opinion of the general manager of the Internet division of the company 1MB regarding the differences between these terms: etc. E-business, in addition to everything related to e-commerce, also includes many applications aimed at increasing business efficiency. It also includes more internal applications designed to organize communications between employees of the company. In addition, e-business is associated with the placement and organization of access to information. Thus, e-business is the overall strategy, and e-commerce is a critical component of that strategy 26 .

It follows from the above that electronic commerce is an integral part of electronic business, which, in addition to commercial activities, covers the entire system of industrial relations.

Electronic business is implemented within the framework of the Internet economy, which is also referred to as digital economy or the network economy.

Dyatlov SI. "Information-network economy: methodology, classification, monitoring". St. Petersburg: Teis, 2001 - p.80

The Internet economy is “an environment in which any company or individual, located anywhere economic system, can contact easily and at minimal cost with any other company or individual for joint work, trade, exchange of ideas and know-how. The Internet economy is the most important element of the "new economy" (it is also called the innovation-information economy).

knowledge based economy). The new economy also includes all entrepreneurial activity, to some extent using

modern electronic technologies. The Internet is one of the biggest innovations ever invented in the history of mankind, and like any innovative product, it requires significant capital investments before becoming commercially attractive.

Measures to develop the infrastructure of electronic commerce and the formation of the information society are thus priority areas innovation policy. Such measures, according to the author, include:

1. Participation of the state in the financing of large basic Internet projects that form the basis of the electronic business infrastructure,

2.Public funding for training

3. Provision tax breaks stimulating the import of high Internet technologies and the investment activity of private companies in the field of Internet business. It is important that publicly funded Internet projects be carried out jointly with private companies in order to

27 Myalyantsev V.V. Information revolution - the phenomenon of the "new economy" // World

28 Myasnikova L.A. "New economy" in the postmodern space / L.A. Myasnikov // World
economy and international relationships. - No. 2. - 2001. - p.Z

increase their market potential and reduce technical and financial

The main types of models for e-commerce.

The following types of models for e-commerce are being developed.

1. "business consumer" - B2C (business - to - consumer) - a business focused on the end consumer. A company (legal entity or entrepreneur) provides services to individuals. This category of business includes a very significant range of e-commerce enterprises: online stores, electronic casinos, numerous companies selling consulting and information Services.

2. "business - business" В2В (business - to - business). The B2B model is another (together with B2C) main network business model. It brings together companies operating in the inter-corporate market, where some legal entities provide services and sell goods to others. legal entities. The main organizational forms in this model are Internet exchanges and electronic trading platforms 29 .

Exchange (auctions) - the most common model in the B2B transaction market. They are an electronic form of traditional auctions and may be accompanied by a multimedia presentation of goods. Usually their activities are not limited to this, but are supplemented by the conclusion of a contract, payments and delivery. Their sources of income are the sale of the technology platform, payment for transactions and advertising. An example is the World Chemical Exchange. Russia also has its own sectoral electronic exchanges: (metals), ChemForum (pharmaceuticals), eMatrix ( computer technology), Zerno OnLine (grain, sugar, sunflower), Faktura (universal Internet exchange), eMetex (pipes and components), (computer technology).

29 Balabanov I.T. "Electronic commerce". St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg, 2001 - p.98

Electronic trading platform, or B2B platform(Business to business marketplace) - a place where purchase and sale transactions are concluded between enterprises - buyers and sellers. There are different types of sites - purchasing, marketing, diversified, industry and product sites.

Despite the fact that different categories of sites have their own advantages and disadvantages, their common distinguishing feature is the reduction in costs for enterprises. According to IBS, savings from the use of B2B schemes can reach 15% on the part of purchases and 22% on the part of sales. At the same time, the costs of integrating and automating the business processes of an enterprise with B2B sites, according to a Gartner Research study, begin to pay off only if at least 2.3% of invoices are issued and paid via the Internet.

Corporate buying and selling platforms are created by one or more buyers or sellers and are designed to bring to the Internet communications with the company's existing partners. As a rule, such platforms are closely integrated with the internal business processes of enterprises and allow you to automate the process of exchanging information with counterparties, reduce costs and reduce the time of sales and purchases of products.

As an example of a procurement site, one can cite the recently created site of the Pyaterochka retail chain -. With the existing network infrastructure, which includes 84 stores, and an assortment of 4 thousand commodity items, such a platform will significantly simplify the work of purchasing departments and transfer part of their work to the sales departments of supplier companies.

The site created by the company Deline (supplier of computers, components, etc.) is a representative of sales

platforms and is intended for interaction with dealers. According to CEO Deline, this system saved the company $1.4 million.

Multi-industry, industry and product platforms are created by third parties - technology companies, associations, banks, news agencies, chambers of commerce and industry or other market entities.

Representatives of multi-industry sites are (providing services for conducting competitive purchases or tenders), a regional site, the Menatep SPb bank site (created for bank customers), etc. If an enterprise has not found a counterparty on these sites, then you can always turn to specialized industry sites.

Industry sites include (for participants in the chemical industry market), (timber industry market), (confectionery market), (road construction equipment), (medical equipment and components), (telecommunications equipment), (grain market), (site for oil products, oil and gas), (food and other consumer goods), (for IT market participants) and many other sites. Despite the high concentration of market participants and the competition of suppliers arising from this, on such sites you can always stand out from the crowd by advertising. Buyers also benefit from visiting the industry portal instead of searching for the required products on the websites of individual suppliers.

3. "business - government" B2G (business - to - government) business operating transactions between private companies and government

organizations (administration) as a rule in the form of public procurement (public procurement).

Almost all developed countries have already taken certain steps towards the transition to electronic public procurement. In particular, notices of ongoing public procurement competitions and tender documentation are now, as a rule, published on the Internet. At the same time, speaking of electronic support for the subsequent stages of the competition, it should be noted that the results achieved here so far have a very wide range. Thus, in Mexico in 2004, more than forty percent of public procurement was fully implemented through electronic channels, in Germany - only less than five percent. Australia (), Canada (), Mexico, Denmark, USA went further than others in the field of electronic competitive bidding for government needs.

For example, let us briefly characterize the state of affairs in Australia. Here, the national strategic program for the automation of all technological stages of the competition for the supply of goods for state needs is being implemented. To publish information about the auction, a specialized electronic bulletin is published, where everyone can familiarize themselves with the full sets of tender documentation free of charge. Reception from suppliers is organized on the same site electronic applications to participate in the competition. An information and reference system is functioning, a register of suppliers is maintained, legislative and other documents related to electronic trading are published on the Internet. There are means of electronic execution, registration, maintenance and payment of contracts.

Foreign experience can suggest a lot when building a system of Russian electronic public procurement. Let us consider some characteristic features of the path traveled by each of the countries mentioned above.

First of all, it should be noted the work in the field of national legislation. There are two tasks here. The first, more general, which is of decisive importance for national e-commerce as a whole, is the legal support of electronic document management and electronic payments. The second, more particular, but no less important, is the adjustment regulatory framework serving the actual public procurement procedures.

The creation of an electronic public procurement system is a rather laborious and long process that requires careful planning and a clear identification of individual stages. As the first such stage, the implementation of which brought quite tangible practical benefits, the organization of the publication on the Internet of notices on public procurement tenders and tender documentation 30 was chosen everywhere.

Benefits of receiving over the Internet bids from suppliers are not so obvious. In addition, a deeper legal and algorithmic study is required here. Therefore, Internet applications are usually deferred to subsequent stages.

In each of the countries under consideration, a national government bidding server was opened, which made it possible to consolidate all information related to public procurement: from regulatory legal acts and market reviews to specific tender notices and information about public procurement and suppliers.

At the same time, despite the common features, none of the countries under consideration took the path of borrowing. Independent national e-procurement systems were created, differing in many respects both in terms of algorithms and in terms of overall design. Cause

30 Ryabtsup V.K. "Electronic market for public procurement in Russia" VE, 2005, No. 4 -p.121

here, apparently, primarily in the specifics of national legislation in the field of public procurement, as well as in the unwillingness to make a very significant component of the national economy dependent on external factors.

In addition, interactive cable and satellite television systems (t-commerce) have spread in Western Europe and the United States, with the help of which users can not only watch videos, but also order various goods and services. Some experts believe that these systems are more reliable, since, unlike online stores, they are implemented in closed networks without direct access for customers to global information networks.

A new direction in the development of electronic commerce is the use of mobile access to the Internet for shopping (m-commerce) 31 . In the conditions of Russia, which has a large territory and low population density, as well as an underdeveloped terrestrial telecommunications infrastructure in remote regions, wireless technologies for connecting to the Internet can have a serious prospect. Therefore, it seems relevant to consider the development of mobile commerce in more detail, which will be done in the next section.

zі Schulzki - Haddouti A. “Electronic commerce. A problem ball for transatlantic relations. International Politic 2002 №3

1.3. Mobile means of conducting electronic business.

Mobile commerce is, in fact, the translation of e-commerce into mobile forms. With the advent of electronic commerce, it has become possible to make a purchase, make a payment, take part in an auction without leaving your computer, as long as it is connected to the Internet. Mobile commerce makes the user even more independent, not tied to stationary devices, providing all of the above opportunities with only one mobile phone or PDA.

Mobile commerce can bring many conveniences that will be appreciated by all owners of mobile devices. So, the phone, while retaining all its former functions, also becomes a means of identifying its owner, performs the functions of a credit card, etc.

Mobile commerce, according to Lehman Brothers definition, is the use of mobile portable devices for communication, entertainment, receiving and transmitting information, making transactions through public and private networks. To participate in m-commerce, a portable pocket computer, mobile phone with WAP function, smartphone can be used.

Cell phones are widely used in European countries. Here, undoubtedly, the Scandinavian countries are in the lead - more than 70% of the population use cellular phones. In Finland, this figure reaches 76%. At the same time, PDAs are the most popular among the means by which mobile commerce is possible in the United States, due to the fact that the most common cellular communication standard DAMPS does not allow the use of cellular phones in this capacity.

The rapid growth of the cellular communication industry in Russia is evidenced by the fact that in September 2004, approximately 60 million Russians owned a mobile phone, and by the end of February 2005, according to some reports, the number of cellular communication subscribers had grown to 78.6 million people, that is, the degree of coverage has reached more than 50% of the population.

Degree of coverage of the population of Russia by cellular communication 32

Number july sleeper) OHSS* (prana scale)

2001 (December)

\G 10

Mobile Internet access can be carried out using a wireless modem (usually PDA), built-in WAP-browser (phones, smartphones) or by synchronizing the device with another device already connected to the Internet (with a personal computer, WAP-phone).

To spread mobile commerce importance has network bandwidth. Prior to the introduction of GPRS technology, network bandwidth was low. In CDMA, TDMA and GSM standards, it did not exceed 19.2 Kbps. This speed was too low for a full-fledged exchange of information and was a serious obstacle to the spread of mobile commerce. GPRS allows you to increase this speed up to 115 Kbps. Most analysts believe that it was only with the transition to GPRS that the real development of mobile commerce took place.

Source:, Sitra Information package - ITC cluster.

In Russia, GPRS technology was put into commercial operation in 2001, when VimpelCom announced the start of commercial operation of its network. However, while the data transfer rate in it is still very far from the possible 115 Kbps: the transfer of information will be provided at a speed of up to 53.6 Kbps, and the reception - up to 26.8 Kbps. And if, with completely free GSM channels, maximum speed 40.2 Kbps, then, given the actual channel load, the average speed is only 12-15 Kbps.

Meanwhile, GPRS is only an intermediate step between GSM and "third generation" 3G networks. For example, UMTS, W-CDMA networks provide for data transmission at speeds up to 2 Mbps. At this speed, new services will begin to develop - the transfer of multimedia information, games.

In addition, technologies are developing that can significantly expand the capabilities of mobile devices. These include, for example, Bluetooth - a radio technology for data transmission over not very long distances (currently up to 100 meters), data transfer rates up to 1 Mbps. Bluetooth technology allows you to connect various devices to each other without resorting to wires and does not require line of sight. The main thing is that both devices have a built-in Bluetooth microchip. Both one-to-one and one-to-many connections are allowed. Wi-Fi is the latest type of wireless communication (the technology was put into operation in 2004). Maximum distance up to 480 meters, high data rate up to 11Mbps.

Advantages and disadvantages of mobile commerce.

Mobile commerce has significant potential, a number of additional business opportunities.

Anywhere access - mobile phone is becoming a familiar thing that is always with you. Apparently, the same will soon be said about laptops and PDAs.

Absence of many e-commerce restrictions - in order to receive mail, read the necessary information, make a purchase, you do not need to be near a computer or an Internet terminal, just one mobile phone is enough, which is usually carried everywhere.

Localization- technologies such as GPS (Global Positioning System) allow access to information specific to a given region, for example, offers to purchase a product of interest in nearby stores.

Personalization - The phone is a personal device by which the owner can be identified. It's worth paying attention to Special attention those who offer their services to mobile users. The losers will be companies that send messages without targeting individual buyers (or groups of buyers).

At the same time, significant shortcomings cannot be ignored.

Restrictions, related to network bandwidth and the type of devices themselves. However, 3G networks promise bandwidth comparable to that of wired Internet.

Screen sizes. This aspect of the problem will always have to be put up with. Even with the enlargement of the mobile phone screen, the improvement of its

specifications, it will still remain small. Not too convenient will be typing. However, no one will dispute the undeniable advantages of using the phone in situations such as checking in at the airport, using it as a credit card when shopping, that is, where these inconveniences do not play a significant role. On the other hand, disadvantages such as a small screen and inconvenient text input can be avoided by using a phone paired with a laptop or PDA.

Now let's look at what opportunities mobile commerce opens up for users. First of all, these are mobile financial services.

Mobile financial services.

A fairly wide class is formed by mobile banking services. As early as 1999, over 90% of European banks were already offering some form of mobile banking to their customers, according to Durlacher, an analytics firm. Merita Nordbanken pioneered the financial services industry with mobile bill payments as early as 1992. Today, the largest mobile bank in Europe in terms of the number of users is English The Woolwich, which allows customers to check their balance, view completed transactions, pay bills, and make money transfers using a mobile phone. In the US, brokerage firms such as E*Trade, Fidelity, DLJ Direct, and Ameritrade are leading the way, offering stock trading via AT&T Wireless, Spring PCS, and other wireless networks. The situation is developing in such a way that American banks are already seriously engaged in

Klimenko S.A. "Internet as a financial and commercial environment", Banking, 1998, No. 10 - p.

RUSSIAN

STATE

LIBRARY

development of their mobile services. Already, FleetBoston, which has optimized its HomeLink service for Palm-like access, has a very high penetration rate, with 36% of its customers using wireless banking services. Wells Fargo Bank, in turn, attracted 1.2 thousand mobile clients during the month of work, which can make banking transactions in real time with the ability to continue the process in the event of an unexpected disconnection.

In Europe, the situation is even more favorable. If in North America, according to the calculations of the analytical company TowerGroup, at the end of 2002 there were only 500 thousand users of mobile financial services, then in Europe this figure was 3.9 million. For some European countries, the provision of mobile services by banks may become almost a condition competitiveness. According to Durlacher, German financial institutions that do not integrate mobile banking systems in the coming years risk being squeezed out of the market. Durlacher analysts believe that Germany, where there has always been an excess of banks and a lack of services, is an ideal place for the development of mobile financial transactions and see Germany as the largest market for wireless services. In their opinion, it is Germany that will bring the largest income from mobile transactions in Europe, which will reach 11.3 billion dollars already in 2005 (in 2001 - 485 million dollars).

In countries where the Internet has not yet received proper development, the situation may even develop in such a way that instead of online banking services, just mobile banking services will develop.

In the early stages of the development of the mobile banking market, mobile device owners were offered mainly information services: checking the account balance and completed transactions,

access to quotes. Currently, bill payment services and money transfers have already become widespread. Many analysts call mobile brokerage services one of the promising areas. For example, the new service will allow Barclays Stockbrokers customers to access share prices and trade on the UK stock exchanges. In addition, mobile service users will be able to access Barclays Stockbrokers information system through their phones, which constantly monitors the market situation and reports the best prices.

In general, one of the main strengths of mobile commerce is personalization, the ability to build relationships with each individual client. By offering brokerage services, companies can take full advantage of these benefits. Experts from the analytical company IDC argue that for brokerage firms serving private investors, offering access to their services through mobile devices is an objective necessity. In the area of ​​investment, according to analysts, mobile Internet access is of primary value as a means of personalizing the services provided to the client, rather than as a means of attracting new customers and making big profits. Ultimately, wireless devices can become the main channel of relationships with most of the company's most valuable customers.

The use of mobile devices in e-commerce.

The scope of mobile devices is not limited to the B2C sector. The corporate market (B2B) is an equally important sector of their use. According to IDC, enterprise demand for enterprise mobility solutions has now reached

high enough level. In a report based on an IDC survey, analysts report that about 21% of businesses in the US are currently self-implementing mobile solutions, and another 56% intend to do so in the near future. In Europe, 35% of companies are in the process of commissioning enterprise mobility solutions. For information technology service providers, the results of the IDC survey are even more promising: 75% of companies in Europe and 91%> in the US are ready to implement mobile solutions using third-party providers.

One possible use for mobile applications is in customer service, which often involves the transfer of data when the employee is away from the office. In order for information to be transferred directly to the company's information system, to make this process simple and independent of external conditions, the use of mobile devices is just perfect. For example, Aviall Inc., a distributor of aviation spare parts, is gradually deploying a wireless SCM (Supply Chain Management) system for inventory inventory at its customers. The need for accurate and up-to-date data on the status of parts inventory has pushed Aviall, as well as other companies, to start using wireless devices in supply chains. Currently, Aviall sales staff must manually determine the quantity of parts required when visiting customers, and then somehow transmit this data to the office. With the help of the new system, Aviall employees will be able to scan the barcode on the container with the parts, and then quickly transfer information about the balances to the company's central database via the Internet.

"Going Mobile: A Look at the End Users" Needs

Another example of the use of wireless technologies in supply is demonstrated by Nicor ​​Gas. Here, TS-Tek's mobile devices serve to ensure that certain procedures are carried out correctly by employees. Workers use barcode scanners to automate the creation of orders and prepare the necessary documents for receiving and shipping goods. Devices in use emit an alert if parts in stock are identified incorrectly or placed in the wrong container. In addition, information about the movement of goods is quickly transferred to a central database, which guarantees the presence of up-to-date and accurate information on the level of stocks. Whereas prior to the adoption of wireless devices, a comprehensive inventory took three to four business days, now it is done in a day.

But there are applications in which companies may be interested, regardless of the type of their activity. This is the so-called "mobile office". In fact, this is a set of those basic applications that a business person may need at any time and the presence of which allows you to fully continue working outside the office. To do this, you need a mobile phone with Internet access and a pocket computer. The phone and the computer can be connected either by wire, which is not very convenient, or by infrared, but in this case the connection will be maintained only at a certain position of the devices relative to each other. However, this problem will be solved as soon as Bluetooth-enabled devices enter mass circulation. The phone in this bundle provides a voice channel and Internet connection, and a PDA (personal pocket computer) allows you to work with standard office applications, mail, the Internet itself, receive and transmit fax messages. Thus, the employee receives constant access to the necessary

information, can keep in touch with the people he needs all the time, exchange important documents, etc.

Speaking about the development of mobile commerce, it should be noted that the author shares the opinion of the majority of experts who tend to consider the development of technologies as the main factor in the development of this industry 35 .

Technology is emphasized, for example, by PricewaterhouseCoopers specialists. Their Technology Forecast notes that the widespread use of mobile Internet communications has unlimited potential to change the way business is done. However, success in this matter depends on the timely development of new applications designed for the specific characteristics of the mobile communications sector. According to the developers of the forecast, Europe and Asia occupy the leading positions in the field of application of modern wireless networks, while the United States lags behind them in terms of the demand for mobile Internet technologies by consumers and enterprises.

Arthur Andersen also predicts a delay in the development of mobile commerce. In a study on trends for the future development of the mobile business, which was carried out in collaboration with J.P. Morgan says that mobile commerce revenue growth in Europe will only begin in 2006 and reach $82 billion by 2010.

A study conducted by Telecom Trends International showed that mobile commerce has the potential to grow. Now it is based mainly on the sale of digital content, but in the future it is expected to expand the scope of entrepreneurs.

35 Jansen F. "The Age of Innovation" M .: Infra-M, 2002, -p.Z

According to the study, 94.9 million people used mobile commerce services in 2003, spending a total of $6.86 billion. It is expected that by 2008 the number of participants in mobile commerce systems will grow to 1.67 billion, and the total turnover of this industry will be 554.37 billion by this time. Content transactions will continue to dominate, but tangible goods (purchased remotely or at the point of sale) and interactive transactions will also develop. Progress in mobile commerce is inextricably linked to the development of networks that work with data packages, the availability of devices that work with rich data, and the emergence of a variety of applications for mobile commerce, the report notes.

In Russia in 2004, the rapid growth of the mobile Internet was noted. As follows from a report released in January 2005 by the research company iKS-Consulting, in just a year the number of subscribers accessing the Internet using GPRS technology has grown 12 times. At the same time, Megafon overtook the market leader, MTS, in terms of the number of GPRS subscribers. As follows from the iKS-Consulting report, there are currently 4.6 million mobile Internet users in Russia accessing the network using GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) technology. GPRS allows you to transfer data in a cellular network at a speed of up to 56 Kbps, which is comparable to the speed of accessing the Internet over a regular telephone line. GPRS users can view special WAP sites on the screen of their phone, send and receive e-mail. Also, the handset can be connected to a computer and thus get access to the "real" Internet 36 .

In 2004, the number of GPRS users increased 12 times. In September 2004, the number of GPRS users in Russia was

only 1 million people. In September 2005, GPRS was already used by more than 6% of subscribers. By the end of 2005, there were over 600 WAP sites in Russia, and 90% of GPRS users visit them.

It is noteworthy that, according to the results of the iKS-Consulting study, MTS ranks third in terms of the number of GPRS users, yielding in this indicator not only to VimpelCom ( cellular networks"Bee Line"), but also the third largest operator - "MegaFon".

This is explained by the fact that MegaFon has put GPRS into commercial operation in more regions than MTS (47 against 18, Bee Line - 65). The number of GPRS users in the regions exceeded their number in Moscow in the II quarter of 2004 and continues to grow two to three times faster than in Moscow. These studies once again illustrate the conclusion that in the conditions of Russia, which has a large territory and an underdeveloped terrestrial telecommunications infrastructure, wireless technologies for connecting to the Internet, and therefore mobile commerce, can have a serious prospect.

At the end of the chapter, we briefly formulate the main conclusions:

Since the development of the Internet has an impact on all aspects of economic life, it is logical to consider the Internet as a source of the emergence of a new electronic economy, an important part of which is electronic commerce;

the growth of electronic commerce is due to the development of information infrastructure, the improvement of payment systems (including the technology of secure electronic payments SET - Secure Electronic Transactions). With the increase in the number of electronic transactions comes the need for more powerful computers, technologies

transmission of information, more reliable and faster systems
making electronic payments. As a result, there
further informatization of society, development

computer and telecommunications industries, and hence the further development of the Web. Thus, the development of real economic infrastructure leads to an increase in the volume of electronic commerce and vice versa, that is, there is a mutual impact on each other of the characteristics of the virtual and real environment; Since the Internet is the largest innovation, measures to develop the infrastructure of electronic commerce and the formation of the information society should become priority areas of innovation policy. Such measures, according to the author, include:

Participation of the state in the financing of large basic Internet projects that form the basis of the e-business infrastructure,

State funding for training

highly qualified specialists in the field of information technology (including assistance in the creation of specialized university programs),

Providing tax incentives that stimulate the import of high Internet technologies and investment activity of private companies in the field of Internet business. It is important that publicly funded Internet projects be carried out jointly with private companies in order to increase their market potential and reduce technical and financial risks;

A new direction in the development of electronic commerce is mobile commerce - the use of mobile access to the Internet for shopping (t-commerce). In the conditions of Russia, which has a large territory and low population density, as well as an underdeveloped terrestrial telecommunications infrastructure in remote regions, wireless technologies for connecting to the Internet can have a serious prospect.

37 Schulzky - Haddouty A. “Electronic commerce. Problem ball for trapsantlantic relations. International Politic 2002 №3

The importance of the Internet as a universal environment for the development of electronic commerce

International trade is currently developing under the influence of the leading trend in the world economy, which is called "globalization". This trend will determine the development in the beginning of the 21st century. The globalization of economic activity is expressed in the ever greater expansion and deepening of international relations in the field of investment, production, circulation, supply and marketing, finance, scientific and technological progress, and education. The growth rate of international trade over the past decades has been 2 times higher than the growth rate of production; foreign direct investment in the same years grew 3 times faster, and international transactions with shares - ten times faster. In international trade, trade in services, technologies, objects of intellectual property is increasing at a faster (compared to goods) pace. Scientific and technological progress has an increasing technical impact on international trade. In the post-industrial society, which the developed countries have already entered and which Russia is entering, economic growth is increasingly acquiring an intensive (rather than extensive) and, moreover, innovative character.

New discoveries, inventions, technologies, fundamentally new goods and services are becoming a constant component of the economic process, which is predicted, planned, organized, including on the basis of expanding international cooperation. In the modern world, knowledge and intellectual work are becoming the most important resource for the competitiveness of international companies and entire countries. Realizing this, industrialized countries are increasingly specializing in information metatechnologies. A number of factors indirectly testify to this: 1. The structure of regional markets, more than 90% of which are concentrated in North America and Western Europe; 2. The concentration of the main part of the "information society" of the world (Internet users) in the most developed countries: more than 60% of them are concentrated in North America and Europe alone; 3. In terms of the average number of Internet hosts1 per capita, developing countries lag behind developed countries by more than an order of magnitude. In 2001, their ratio was 2 versus 87 hosts per 10,000 people2; four.

More than half of all computers used in the world are concentrated in the USA and Western Europe, as of 2003, 735 million computers were used in the world, while in the USA and Western Europe their number was 418 million, respectively. According to the research agency Nua Internet Surveys, by 2005 there will be more than one billion Internet users in the world. In North America, 41% of the population has access to the Internet, and in South Asia, where 1/5 of the world's population lives, less than 1% of the population may be online. The Asia-Pacific region accounts for 2%, Latin America - 3% of users. About 90% of Internet users are residents of industrialized countries (57%) - the USA and Canada). Internet users from Africa and the Middle East make up only 1% of the world's number, and 75% of the information transmitted over the Internet is in English. The total number of African Internet users with a population of 739 million people on the continent is 1.2 million, that is, approximately 0.16%, of which 1 million, or about 87%, are residents of South Africa.

Due to a significant lag in the field of information technology, developing countries become dependent recipients of metatechnologies, which can completely deprive them of a prosperous economic development prospects. In addition, the lagging behind of developing countries is also caused by a decrease in prices for traditional resources and technologies due to their moral obsolescence. If the sale on the world market of one kilogram of crude oil brings 2 - 2.5 cents of profit, and pig iron - 20 cents, then a kilogram of household appliances gives $ 50, a kilogram of aviation equipment - $ 1,000, and a kilogram of electronics and information technology allows you to earn up to 5 thousand dollars. Therefore, developed countries are actively selling abroad not so much ecologically as "intellectually dirty", that is, too simple production, insuring themselves as much as possible against the negative consequences of their own technical breakthrough. Thus, a dangerous consequence of the development of new technologies may be to deepen the gap between developed countries and the rest of the world. The Internet is one of the key technologies, since it plays a significant role in the development of economic globalization and is able to bring significant economic benefits to its users - recipients, not to mention the developers of Internet technologies. The Internet expands opportunities for access to information, financial, production and labor resources, allows you to significantly optimize the conduct of global communications and logistics, reduce costs; there is an opportunity to enter any geographic and global markets and niches.

Prerequisites for the development of electronic commerce

There are a number of prerequisites for the development of Electronic Commerce (E-commerce). Among them: - technical equipment of users (hardware and software); - readiness of personnel to use these technical means; - availability of transmission networks and cost-effective access to them; - security of electronic messages and documents; - legal support for the electronic transfer and use of information and documents in electronic form.

The technical basis of e-commerce is: telephone, facsimile, telex, computer and computer networks, electronic means of payment. For the development of e-commerce, it is important not only technical possibility to use them, but also the commercial conditions for the acquisition of these tools and their operation. In 2002, the number of personal computers sold annually exceeded 50 million units. Computers for the first time became the world's best-selling commodity by number of units. This data speaks to the rapidly progressing development of the technical basis of e-commerce. As for the economic side, for the period 1960-1990. the cost of a unit of information processed by a computer has fallen 99 times. Therefore, in developed countries, the computer, technically and economically accessible to the general population and entrepreneurs, turned out to be the material basis for the development of e-commerce.

Particularly important here is the fact that the operating cost of computer communications has dropped sharply along with the reduction in tariffs for telephone connection. Characteristically, the use of computers in the system of electronic data interchange and e-commerce was restrained in those countries where there was a time payment for the use of the telephone, since the telephone remains the main base for the operation of online data transmission systems everywhere. In this regard, the introduction of time-based telephone payments in Russia can seriously slow down the country's inclusion in the Internet and e-commerce. Russia's participation in e-commerce may also be negatively affected by the increase in duties on the import of computer parts and other electronic equipment. The experience of India is interesting: the government, having introduced preferential customs and tax regimes for the import of electronic equipment and preferential tariffs for its use on the Internet, in a relatively short time brought the country into the ranks of the largest exporters in the area of ​​e-trade.

In world trade, since 1995, the WTO Declaration on Trade in Information Technology has been in force. The countries that have acceded to this Declaration have eliminated customs duties on goods that form the material basis of information technology. This immediately gave a tangible impetus to the development of the technical base of e-commerce and improved its economic performance.

Access to transmission networks is the second most important basis for the development of e-commerce. Transmission networks originally developed as closed networks specialized use. It is known that the prototype of the Internet was a communication system developed within the framework of the US military department in the late 60s. Specialized transmission networks retain their importance. For example, in the field of financial services and international payments, the interbank computer communication system - SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication - SWIFT), created by large banks, is of great importance. It serves interbank financial transactions. Every day, transactions worth 3 trillion rubles are carried out through this system. dollars All major banks in the world, including Russian ones, use this network.

Other large network- WISe (Worldwide Insurance Electronic Commerce - WISe) united the largest Insurance companies peace. Local networks operate in a number of areas in the field of transport, insurance, finance and other areas. Local networks have one advantage - the closed nature of the network, which allows you to ensure the confidentiality and security of transmitted information. But they can't serve technical base open to all users of the system. Therefore, only the development of the Internet has radically changed the conditions and opportunities for e-commerce.

The Internet is a worldwide collection of computer networks with a common address space open to all users. Until the mid-1990s, the Internet was mainly used to send e-mail (ie messages from one user to another). This system was rather complex and therefore was used by a limited circle of institutions. In the mid-90s, a new service appeared on the Internet and became widely used, which was called the "World Wide Web" W.W.W. is a distributed database of hypertext documents contained on the Internet. Every computer that is permanently connected to the Internet can be used as a server and host documents and materials that are made available to the public. Ease of use W.W.W. led to the fact that mass users began to connect to the Internet, and this system itself began to be used for commercial purposes. The Internet has gained the ability to provide information about goods and services, about sellers and buyers, about prices and other commercial conditions, and thus made it possible to electronically carry out the entire commercial chain of a particular transaction.

The main methods of payment for goods and services in e-commerce and mobile commerce

Payment for goods and services is the process of transferring a certain amount of money in the form of cash or relevant documents using specially provided technologies.

For payments in e-commerce, both traditional methods and various Internet-systems, WAP - technologies, telebanking.

Possible payment methods used in e-commerce can be divided into the following segments: - cash payment; - payment by credit cards; - telebanking and payments using WAP technology; - payment via the Internet banking system; - payment using Internet payment systems (see Tab. 5). Cash payment provides for cash payment to the courier, payment and receipt of previously ordered goods in the store, cash on delivery, telegraphic and postal transfer, bank transfer.

Cash payment to the courier is one of the simplest, most reliable and convenient payment methods. Payment is made at the time of transfer of the goods by the courier, and this is a guarantee of receipt of goods by the buyer and money by the seller. At the moment, the buyer has the opportunity to check the quality of the goods, return the defective goods, get advice from the courier. A major disadvantage of this form of payment is, however, significant costs for courier services, especially when selling outside the city.

Payment and receipt of a previously ordered product in a store does not differ in reliability from a simple purchase of goods in a store. By placing an order in the online store, the buyer indicates in which of the company's real stores he wants to receive it. After the deadline, the buyer pays for the goods and receives the purchase.

Payment by cash on delivery involves the dispatch of goods by mail. The advantage of this method is the absence of geographical restrictions and the relative cheapness of delivery. The disadvantages include the impossibility of preliminary acquaintance with the goods and the unreliability of delivery, since the goods may be damaged during transportation. Payment by credit cards.

A plastic card is a personalized payment instrument that provides the person using the card with the possibility of non-cash payment for goods and / or services, as well as cash withdrawals in branches (branches) of banks and ATMs (ATMs). Trade/service enterprises and bank branches accepting the card form a network of card servicing points or a receiving network.

The payment system based on American Express cards has received the greatest distribution in the USA and Canada. There are more than 60,000 ATMs in the USA serving these cards. In Europe, Visa and Master Card cards are more common. In particular, in Germany there are more than 29 thousand ATMs servicing these cards, in France - more than 15 thousand, in Italy - more than 6 thousand. In Spain, more than 20 thousand ATMs accept Visa cards and about 14 thousand - Master Card. The indicators of American Express in Europe are much more modest: in Germany and France - about 2 thousand ATMs, in Italy - less than a thousand. In Russia, the most common cards are Visa and Master Card.

More complex than a magnetic card is the so-called memory card, which does not have a magnetic strip, but has a built-in microcircuit containing memory and a device for writing / reading information.

The most powerful variety of "plastic money" known today is a smart card (smart card). Such cards contain an embedded microprocessor, may have operational (for use during processing) and permanent (for storing immutable data) memory, as well as an integrated security and data protection system. Smart cards are used in a wide variety of financial applications, ensuring the safety, integrity and confidentiality of information. In particular, when making debit or credit transactions using smart cards, its owner can check whether the given bank (trading terminal) really exists. Smart card technologies are quite diverse, and the possibilities of using these cards largely depend on the chosen technology and software and hardware solutions.

One of the most common applications of smart cards is their use as "electronic wallets" that allow you to store in your memory a certain amount, which can be spent without any authorization. The need for the latter arises only when the virtual money is over, and the card needs to be replenished with new money through terminals such as ATMs. The most functionally developed at the moment are electronic wallets manufactured by Mondex. These systems even allow you to lend or borrow money if the transaction is between two Mondex clients. After entering the appropriate password, such actions as checking the balance of money, transferring cash from one currency to another, and the like become available. In addition to Mondex technology, similar payment systems are being developed by such well-known corporations as Visa and Master Card.

Telebanking and payments using WAP technologies are systems for remote bank account management using regular or mobile phones. To make a payment using regular phone the buyer dials a certain number, enters his code (the phone must be with tone dialing) or calls this code and then gives an order to which account and how much money to transfer from his account.

Analysis of the state of the Russian e-commerce market

In recent years, the network economy in Russia began to develop especially rapidly. The reason for this is the arrival of the state in the field of electronic commerce. In January 2002, the program " Electronic Russia(2002-2010)” Under this program, provisions have been made regarding public procurement through electronic auctions. According to one of the sections of the program, “it is envisaged to implement a set of measures to increase the openness of the state at the federal, regional and local levels, the main principles of which should be: openness of procedures and results of public procurement, sales, which provides for the mandatory publication (on the Internet) of messages about the and the results of ongoing tenders and competitions for the purchase of goods and services, the sale of state property, the provision of quotas and licenses for the development, extraction and export of natural resources, etc.” The corresponding section of the target program "Electronic Russia (2002-2010)" provides for a number of measures for the speedy creation of a domestic system of electronic public procurement. It rightly states that "it is inappropriate to wait for other people's developments of advanced technologies, and then catch up and buy them." The program sets out the goals to be achieved through the introduction of such a system: - reducing the cost of public procurement of products; - increasing the transparency of public procurement of products and reducing abuses in spending budget funds; - activation of competition in the placement of government orders; - accelerating the procedures for conducting competitive bidding; - the gradual entry of Russia into the global world system of electronic commerce. According to the authors of the program, the introduction of the system e-procurement requires its gradual integration into the current system of state orders with the gradual displacement of non-electronic procurement methods by replacing individual procedures and operations with their electronic counterparts. The creation of an electronic trading system for the procurement of products for federal state needs will save from 20 to 40% of the funds of the relevant budgets allocated for the preparation and conduct of tenders and the organization of purchases. The program provides for a four-stage creation of an electronic public procurement system in the country (see Table 1). I would like to note that the implementation of the second and third stages of creating electronic public procurement systems in Russia is carried out quite intensively. In 2003, the volume of electronic commerce in Russia amounted to only 28.11 billion rubles. But already in the first quarter of 2004, this figure reached 32.79 billion rubles, and by the end of the year it had grown to 57.23 billion rubles. Thus, the volume of electronic commerce in the country as a whole only in the first quarter of 2004 was 16.7% more than in the entire previous year. The “culprit” of such a rapid growth of the e-commerce market was the public procurement sector. The volume of purchases via the Internet by the end of the year reached 29.44 billion rubles. (2.1 billion dollars), which is more than seven times higher than in 2003, when it was only 4.23 billion rubles. (141 million dollars). Public procurement on the Internet in 2005 remained almost unchanged compared to 2004 and amounted to $ 2.1 billion, since last year public procurement via the Internet was carried out by almost the same departments as in 2004. At the same time, 80% public procurement-online fell on Rosatom. However, the activity of the state in electronic commerce is constantly increasing - the law "On placing orders for the supply of goods, performance of work, provision of services for state and municipal needs" was recently adopted.

Introduction

Currently, the Internet is rapidly expanding, covering an increasing number of participants in the international information exchange. In the process of expanding the network, there are general patterns associated with the development of scientific and technological progress, which causes, in particular, the emergence of new problems of legal regulation of relations associated with it.

The emergence of the Internet has had an impact both on the system of civil law relations within individual states and on foreign economic relations between countries. Of particular importance is the observance by the participants of the information exchange in the network of the basic and special principles of international law, which are fixed in the Declaration on the Principles of International Law and relate to friendly relations and cooperation between states in accordance with the UN Charter. The need to comply with these principles by Russian participants in information exchange on the Internet is due to paragraph 4 of Art. 15 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, according to which generally accepted norms of international law are also part of the legal system of the Russian Federation.

e-business commerce

Concept. Types of e-business

E-business is the transformation of the company's main business processes through the introduction of Internet technologies, aimed at increasing the efficiency of activities. E-business is any business activity that uses the capabilities of global information networks to transform the company's internal and external communications. From a technical point of view, the Internet is a worldwide association of computer networks, which can connect computers within an enterprise, which is called an intranet, or an association of local networks of various enterprises, which is called an extranet.

An e-business is any transaction made through a network that results in the transfer of ownership of goods or services. Transaction - bank transfer operation Money for any purpose.

Application area of ​​e-business: 1) online financial transactions. These include transactions with a banking product, transactions with an insurance product, interactive investment, speculative transactions with currency and securities. 2) e-commerce markets. These include trade through visual stores, trade in an information product, trade in a tourist product. 3) mobile commerce markets. This is trading through vending machines and markets for trading services.

Within the framework of business, the Internet is used as inexpensive communication, to reduce intra-company technological costs and as a convenient tool for developing proprietary information systems.

Information exchange is the interaction between banks, trading partners, suppliers, where information is a commodity.

Internet commerce is a part of electronic business in which communication and exchange takes place electronically.

Types of e-business: 1) electronic auctions; 2) electronic banks; 3) e-commerce; 4) electronic research and development work; 5) electronic pointers; 6) e-learning; 7) email; 8) electronic marketing.

E-banking allows customers to access their accounts and carry out various financial transactions through a simple website.

The degree of preparation of the state for e-business is determined by the level of inventory, the level of development of communications, the quality of training of specialists, the readiness of financial institutions for e-business, and the government's attention to this industry.

The federal target program "Electronic Russia" was launched in 2002. and is expected to be completed in 2010. The program provides for the creation of a single digital space that includes the power structure of ordinary citizens and economic structures. This program is a complex of various activities, from technical to legal, aimed at the introduction and dissemination of information and communication technologies in the most important areas of social life. The main goal of the program is to build an economy focused on the consumption and export of information products and services, which will reduce Russia's lag in the use of new technologies (see www.e-rus.ru). It is planned to change the educational process, providing conditions for young professionals.

12 principles of e-business:

1. Using consumers as a source of information (this principle assumes that information is collected and services are provided that are of value to the buyer);

2. Creating your own market, using the advantages of other markets (It is supposed to introduce products and capture market share at the expense of existing products)

3. Evaluation of each buyer as a separate market element (The essence of this principle is that the unique needs of consumers would be considered and satisfied);

4. Creation of a society of values ​​(use of such information exchange technologies as forums, chats.)

5. Replacing an unfriendly interface with a learning one (creating an interface that will serve as a link for communication);

6. Guaranteeing the integrity and consistency of actions (there is a holistic, consistent and directed activity to meet the needs of consumers).

7. Providing the maximum amount of information (is to provide the consumer with maximum information).

8. Taking advantage of information cooperation

9. Considering your assets as your liabilities (you need to invest physical and intangible assets in digital assets that will help strengthen the brand).

10. Destruction of the traditional value chain (need to reconsider the value adding links, if they do not add value, get rid of them).

11. Management of innovation as a portfolio of alternatives (since investments in EB are associated with high risk, they should be considered as a portfolio of investments)

12. Attraction creative people(production of ES activities among young people to attract individuals).

6. The principle of "using the consumer as a source of information." Opportunities for the implementation of e-business enterprises. Examples.

This principle provides for the systematic collection of information and the provision of services of value to the consumer. Includes a rational interface of information resources and the creation of navigation and configuration tools. Examples:

a) Federal Express, a mail carrier, allows its customers to set delivery times and generate invoices on their own hardware. Such services are very convenient for consumers and offer the benefits of more accurate information entry and cost savings in customer service.

b) Firefly, an online music store, allows visitors to receive recommendations based on the preferences of other visitors who have similar interests. The quality of the recommendations received depends on the completeness of the formulated preferences, and the company's database is replenished at the same time. The strategy consists in literally using the information provided by its consumers. This gives a large number of information about music preference profiles and forms one of the richest and most valuable marketing databases of music preferences.

7. The principle of "assessment of each buyer as a separate market element." Business significance, examples of the use of e-business by enterprises.

Provides consistent satisfaction of the unique needs of consumers. To this end, e-commerce technologies collect information about consumers and use it to fulfill individualized offers. Examples:

a) Dell Computers, a leading supplier of office personal computers, has built its web page to meet the requirements of corporate customers. It has made it possible to customize its shell and online ordering. Dell has also set up links to the web resources of its suppliers. By collecting data on market behavior and outlook, Dell was able to quickly respond to changing consumption curves and manage its brand more effectively. Moreover, the loyalty of its customers has grown.

8. The principle of "creating a society of values". Business significance, examples of the use of e-business by enterprises.

It consists in taking advantage of the common activities of the company's customers and partners. For this purpose, such information exchange and interaction technologies as forums, chats, games, etc. are used. Examples:

a) America Online provides its users with the opportunity to participate in forums and organize their own virtual communication centers. AOL provides these services 24x7. Millions of people pay to access these services. social centers, making AOL the dominant ISP. AOL has also become an attractive advertising channel, providing a substantial portion of its revenue.

b) The publishing house "Peter" became the organizer of the virtual club of amateurs of the book "Professional". The club organizes thematic meetings, provides professional assistance in selecting the necessary literature, publishes a quarterly magazine and guarantees its members a fixed discount on all purchased literature.

9. The principle of "destruction of the traditional value chain". Business significance, examples of e-business implementation by enterprises.

It consists in reviewing all links in the value chain (stages of production and distribution of goods and services) and removing or redefining its inefficient elements. E-commerce technologies are used to redefine the processes of buying, selling, manufacturing and the relationships between them. Examples:

a) By placing a virtual bookstore on the Internet, Amazon.com ignored the traditional value chain. Its customers have access to information that is individually configurable for searching, browsing, ordering and paying on-line. Most books are delivered directly from publishers (distributors). Amazon offers 2.5 million books that are up to 40% cheaper than brick-and-mortar books due to the lack of storage costs and low transaction costs.

b) The founder of the Virtual Fuel Company was a fuel supplier for residential premises. The fact is that the company was not satisfied with the share of direct sales to end consumers, which accounted for 4% of total sales and brought 70% of the company's income. Therefore, it was decided to cancel physical channels direct sales while maintaining the same level of indirect sales. Physical channels have been replaced by direct communication with customers via the Internet. Customers have gained the ability to place orders on the Web, and the company is developing the ability to use sensors in consumers' fuel tanks to remotely tell the company when they need to replenish them. Upon receiving such a message, Virtual Fuel Company contacts the local transport company and delivers the fuel directly to the consumer. Thus, the Internet and direct communication with consumers have expanded the company's direct sales.

10. The principle of "replacing an unfriendly interface with a learning one." Business significance, examples of the use of e-business by enterprises.

Provides for the creation of a high-quality user interface, which is the connecting link for interpersonal communication. Such an interface provides fast and efficient execution of operations at a level that is defined by the consumer. All transactions that take place are recorded, providing a rich data warehouse through which the company adds to its knowledge.

The technologies used inform users about the essence of transactions, collect information about their needs and requests, as well as about the reaction to ongoing processes. (To what extent expectations coincide with reality) Examples:

a) An online store that offers office paper and consumables for office equipment has provided a new free service - forecasting the consumption of its products. The implementation of the service to potential customers is implemented in two ways. In the first case, the store manager comes to the customer's office and determines the exemplary cost of papers and cartridges. In the second, the client independently fills out a questionnaire available on the site www.boomservice.ru, and the next day buys a plan for the purchase of consumables for any period. Using the service does not formally oblige consumers to become buyers of the Boomservice online store, but all customers of the service are entitled to discounts and free consultations. In addition, the store undertakes to remind in advance of the need to make the next purchase.

11. The principle of "guaranteeing the integrity and sequence of actions." Business significance, examples of the use of e-business by enterprises.

The focus is on ensuring the integrity, consistency and continuity of activities aimed at meeting the needs of consumers and solving their problems.

The Web-Money Transfer system allows real-time secure payments for goods and services over the Internet, as well as any money transfers through network channels. The WM unit is pegged to the US dollar and is a transactional tool for working in the system. The issue of WM is carried out by the International Metal Trading Bank, which makes a 100% reservation of WM in US dollars.

An interesting feature of WM is the equality of all users of the system - both stores and customers. A secure payment is provided (with the final transfer of money only after the buyer receives the goods).

The current identification procedure in the system allows you to unambiguously determine and record the operations performed. A special set of security measures completely excludes unauthorized access to funds and personal information. The confidential messaging service allows you to conduct secure correspondence with other participants, discuss the details of agreements, and comment on transactions.

12.The principle of "providing the maximum amount of information." Business significance, examples of the use of e-business by enterprises.

Is to provide valuable and comprehensive information. For the cheap and wide-scale distribution of information, open and branched systems are used, best example which is the Internet.

Visual Properties has developed the Apartments Plus website for the sale and rental of real estate throughout the United States. Visitors to the site search for free according to certain criteria, take part in virtual tours of selected objects, complete application forms, etc. The company's profit is formed by placing information about objects, advertising, interacting with local companies that provide transportation and insurance of property, placing their links on other sites.

Internet - a store selling portable computers, in addition to the standard search and filter system, allows visitors to view the model that interests them in detail.

The proposed service also takes into account such a feature of the Russian and Ukrainian Internet as the low bandwidth of a significant part of the connection channels. Staged loading of high-quality photos has been implemented, which allows users to familiarize themselves with product information before the image is fully loaded.

13. The principle of "attracting creative people." Business significance, examples of the use of e-business by enterprises.

It assumes an aggressive promotion of ES activities among young people, since they more adequately perceive the innovations of e-mail. Commerce. Employees of the company and consumers of its products must work together in a friendly environment.

As part of the joint project between McDonald's and America Online, McDonald's Web's focus shifted from advertising for adults to providing entertainment for children. Involving children in virtual tours, interactive games and fairy tale performances has provided a great base for studying consumer behavior. McDonald's was able to use children's reactions to develop a marketing strategy and improve its Web page, which became not only an information space for placing advertisements for outlets, but also a tool for strengthening the brand of games and fairy tales.

Related information:

Site search:

2015-2020 lektsii.org -

The generally accepted classification is applicable to information networks of electronic business, according to which information networks are divided depending on the length and purpose into the following types.

1. Local area networks (LAN, or LAN (Local Area Net)). These networks are used for employee access to the information resources of the enterprise, its databases, for business interaction between employees of the enterprise and interaction with business partners, for employees to access the Internet, share hardware (printers, faxes, etc.). One of the results of the introduction and use of a local network in an enterprise is an increase in manageability while reducing the number of management levels, expanding the control environment for managers. An exemplary diagram of an enterprise local network containing wired and wireless subnets is shown in fig. 10.1. Stationary user workstations, file and print servers, an Internet server for accessing local network users to the Internet are shown. The Internet server is connected to the router, through which the local network is connected to the Internet service provider. The lower part of the figure shows the connection to the local network of mobile users equipped with laptops, PDAs (personal digital assistants) and communicators. Connection is carried out using access points (AP).

Rice. 10.1.

2. Virtual local networks VLAN (Virtual LAN) is a group of network nodes whose traffic is completely isolated from other network nodes. On fig. 10.2 shows a group of user computers interacting only with each other. These computers do not interact with computers and network devices.

Rice. 10.2.

• 3. A virtual private network is a VPN (virtual private network) - a closed private subnet of an enterprise that ensures the safe entry of remote users into it. VPN technology can be implemented using dedicated communication lines connecting branches of enterprises, a branch of a company with a central office, an enterprise with a bank, etc., or by connecting to the Internet. VPN subnets are also used to securely transfer sensitive data over the Internet or other packet-switched WANs. This uses the encapsulation (tunneling) of IP packets inside other packets, which are then routed. In this case, gateways are installed at the input and output of the network. Thanks to VPN technology, the degree of security of networks increases. Instructions for setting up a VPN connection for a personal PC running Windows 7 can be found at tomtel.ru/tariffsandconnection/vpn/vpncont7.html. To surf the Internet safely using an Android device, you must connect to a VPN server. Connection instructions are available at hotvpn.com/en/setup/android/.
• 4. Regional networks of the city scale MAN (metropolitan area network). MAN networks can be used to connect enterprises with their divisions and branches. The range of such networks is within a few tens of kilometers. They can be implemented as fiber optic networks and as wireless networks based on WiMax and LTE technologies. An example of a city-scale network is shown in Fig. 10.3.
• 5. Global networks WAN (wide area network). This is a global or regional information network, a data transmission network covering large geographic areas. It can use dial-up or leased lines, as well as special communication channels. The global network is characterized by a single addressing system and consists of a combination of networks of various types. Each such network has its own address, which routers use when transmitting packets between networks. Internet Service Providers (ISPs) are organizations or companies that provide Internet access. 1SP has a high speed WAN connection and provides slower connections to customers or organizations. Large organizations can be provided with high-speed dedicated digital and fiber-optic communication channels that provide data transfer rates up to 100 Mbps.

Rice. 10.3.

One of the Internet service providers in the Russian Federation is Relcom.ru (from reliable communications - "reliable communications"). The Relcom network was established in 1990 and is an officially registered national subnet of the European EUnet network. The current Russian-language part of the Internet (Runct.ru) was built on the basis of this network. It has domains with a high proportion of the use of the Russian language: .su, .ru, .rf, .ua, .by, .kz, .com, .org. The network operates in a number of CIS countries.

6. Networks with added services VAN - networks with additional functions and (or) services, specialized networks.

Classification of information networks of trade enterprises. Information networks used in trade can be divided into corporate networks and electronic retail chains ETNs.

Corporate networks are built to solve the problems of the enterprise. They are usually hybrid and include different types of networks. The number of users in a corporate network can be up to several thousand, the number of servers - up to several hundred. There are corporate networks built within the same building, distributed corporate networks and geographically distributed networks. Distributed corporate networks are often built on the same principles as local networks. The use of MetroEthernet technology when building urban segments of a corporate network makes it possible to implement simple, cheap, high-speed solutions.

Corporate networks in recent times Web technologies are widely used: Intranet networks, web integration, corporate portals.

intranet(Intranet network) - a network designed to provide employees with remote access to corporate information resources, allowing you to control access to corporate information resources. Uses software products and Internet technologies.

Web integration - combining internal and external information resources through web technologies in order to more effectively use the corporate information system.

Corporate Portal - an enterprise website designed for internal use and providing employees of the enterprise with access to corporate information, CI sites, and a limited number of external websites. Corporate portals include an automated information system of the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation. own protected corporate computing system of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, software-technological complex "Register" version 2.0 of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation.

Electronic trading networks ETNs (electronic trading networks) are information networks of large trading networks (for example, the information network of the Technosila trading network). To manage such networks, such modern trading enterprise management systems as Microsoft Axapta (Microsoft Dynamics AX 4.0), Oracle Retail Solution (Retek), SAP Retail, etc. are used. SAP Retail system is used by 9 out of 12 largest domestic retail chains.

A typical scenario of B2B interaction based on information trading networks is shown in fig. 10.4.

The top-level suppliers and buyers are shown on the left side of the figure. Their work is provided software companies SAP and Oracle, which is installed on a large computer (mainframe). The right side of the figure shows suppliers and buyers at the regional level. Their work is provided by the software Ariba Commerce Services Network and SAP Business Suite. The figure shows the interaction tools. These are EDI RosettaNet, XML OBI, eXML, xCBL.

EDI RosettaNet is an XML-based standard. It defines the guiding principles for the creation of messages, the business process interface, and the implementation of intercompany interaction mechanisms. The use of the standard enables the use of electronic transaction processing and the movement of information within the interaction of trading partners of all sizes along the value chain.

XML OBI- file created by Microsoft Outlook for calendar and email; Contains the RSS subscription names and their properties in XML format. Used to store the subscription RSS feed for an Outlook profile.

eXML is an open source code based on standards supported by leading mobile operators, manufacturers of smartphones, tablets, laptops.

ebXML technology(electronic business XML) is an architecture and a set of specifications designed to automate the interaction between trading partners in the process of their joint activities, standards in the field of corporate information exchange technologies and electronic business. The goal of the ebXML project is to develop a global e-business infrastructure, a complete set of specifications that allows business to be carried out through a uniform XML environment. This technology is close to web services technology and EDI EDI technology.

xCBL represents a variation of the XML language specifications (DTDs and XML Schemas) for use in the e-business domain.

Ariba Commerce Services Network - information network for the provision of commercial services. Includes a number of applications:

• Ariba Directory and Interoperability Services - provides interaction between buyers, sellers and the trading platform;
• Ariba Payment and Financial Services - provides payment and financial services;
• Ariba Sourcing Services - designed to optimize the process of searching for goods and services;
• Ariba Liquidation Services - holding auctions for the sale of commodity surpluses;
• Ariba Content Services - content management;
• Ariba Transaction Service - provides transactional services;
• Ariba Information Services - provides access to information about companies and products, tools for reporting and analytical reviews;
• Ariba Logistics Management Services - designed to manage logistics.

Software WebMethods Trading Networks by Software AG is designed to manage large retail chains interacting according to the B2B model. It is a single point of interaction between suppliers of products or services and buyers. The WebMethods Trading Networks solution allows an enterprise to create a single point of interaction on the B2B model without installing additional equipment, developing new applications or radically redesigning existing applications. It is based on the WebMethods 9.0 platform, which combines the capabilities of cloud technologies, mobile solutions, social networks and in-memory technologies.

Using the WebMethods Trading Networks system, suppliers and buyers can exchange heterogeneous information by transferring electronic documents to each other. The solution allows trade enterprises to exchange large volumes of heterogeneous information, electronic documents through cross-cutting production processes. Documents exchanged between enterprises include orders, order statuses, order confirmations, invoices, invoices, documents for managing deliveries, consignments, shipping, etc. If the document is large, Trading Networks saves it on the hard drive, and only the link to the document is processed in RAM. Data exchange can be carried out in EDI, XML, UML formats.

Using WebMethods 9.0 helps to process large amounts of data "on the fly" (in memory), using integration with the Terracotta database. The WebMethods CloudStream application allows you to integrate and manage applications using SaaS cloud interaction technology (such integration is implemented in the Salesforce.com cloud service). The WebMethods Mobile Suite provides secure data exchange via mobile terminals. It provides the ability to quickly create and distribute mobile applications among registered users of the enterprise, provides the necessary level of security for interaction when using mobile terminals, and allows you to interact with enterprise IT systems from anywhere in the world.

One of the computing platforms for the top-level EC can be the first domestic computing platform "SCALL-R" (developed in 2015). It combines hardware and software products from IBS, Depo Computers, Parallels, Naumen. The platform belongs to the class of converged computing systems that combine servers, storage systems, network equipment, and virtualization software. The basic SKALA-R configuration includes four Depo Storm 3400PI standard architecture servers, network equipment, a three-tier storage system, Virtuozzo virtualization software from Parallels, Naumen Network Manager management and monitoring tools. The storage capacity can be up to 17Pb. The solution is aimed at medium (IT budget from 500 thousand dollars) and large Russian enterprises. According to the developers' forecasts, the software and hardware complex will be 40% cheaper than similar foreign products from Dell, Oracle, etc. It is assumed that SKALA-R will become a platform for the deployment and operation of electronic document management, workplace virtualization, e-mail, enterprise management systems (ERP systems), application servers, top-level ECs.

ECN(electronic communications network) - automatic trading networks that carry out transactions without the participation of an operator. For example, the largest system of this class is the Island ECN. It provides automatic purchase and sale of securities.

Distribution network - an information network designed to transfer information to the manufacturer of goods about sales and promotion of its goods. This uses a replication procedure to transfer information to the central office. Replication - it is the process of creating and maintaining a copy of database objects on a remote server.

The system of interdepartmental electronic interaction (SMEV) is the Federal State Information System. It includes information databases containing information about the program and technical means, providing the ability to access through the system of interaction to their information systems and electronic services. It also includes information about the history of movement in the system of interaction of electronic messages in the provision of state and municipal services and the performance of state and municipal functions in electronic form. The system of interdepartmental electronic interaction allows federal, regional and local authorities to exercise control and supervision in electronic form, transfer and exchange data necessary for the provision of public services.

• The picture was created according to the materials of the site borlas.ru/cms/files/borlas_sag_webmethods-trading-networks.pdf

The emergence and development of the Internet, the improvement of information technologies, systems, and standards for their interaction led to the creation of a new direction modern business- electronic business, as a special form of business, implemented to a large extent through the introduction of information technology in the processes of production, sale and distribution of goods and services.

Often there is a confusion of two concepts: e-business and e-commerce.

There are many definitions of the concept of e-business, which reflect different points of view and are consistent with the training and experience of the authors of these definitions. So, according to the definition:

IBM specialists, e-business is the transformation of basic business processes using Internet technologies (according to the materials of the site http://www. ibm. com / e - bus in ess / in fo).

Gartner Group, e-business is defined as the continuous optimization of an organization's products and services, as well as industrial relations through the application of digital technologies and the use of the Internet as the primary means of communication.

The Encyclopedia of Internet Business adheres to the following interpretation: e-business is any business activity that uses the capabilities of global information networks to transform internal and external communications in order to create profit

However, oddly enough, these definitions reflect the processes associated mainly with the use of the Internet, while the development of electronic business today has already passed this stage and stepped into a new, more extensive era of its development. Thus, we can give the following definition of e-business:

electronic business (e-business) is the implementation of business processes using opportunities information and

telecommunication technologies, systems and networks.

At the moment, we can already say that the processes of transformation of internal and external relations of enterprises, again with the aim of creating profits, are in full swing.

Internal organization of the company based on a single information network (intranet), which increases the efficiency of employee interaction and optimizes planning and management processes; external interaction (extranet) with partners, suppliers and customers are all components of e-business.

The most important component of e-business is e-commerce. E-commerce refers to any form of transactions in which the interaction of the parties is carried out using the capabilities of information and telecommunication technologies of systems and networks.

E-commerce is a means of doing business on a global scale. It allows companies to interact more fully with suppliers and respond more quickly to customer requests and expectations. Companies get the opportunity to choose suppliers regardless of geographic location, as well as the opportunity to enter the global market with their goods and services.

Once again, we emphasize the difference between the two introduced concepts. E-business is the most general concept. It includes any forms of interaction between market entities using digital technologies:

Information exchange;

Carrying out marketing research;

Establishing contacts, for example, between potential customers and suppliers;

pre- and post-sales support, such as providing detailed information about products and services, documentation, answering customer questions, etc.;

Sale of goods and services;

Electronic payment, including using electronic payment systems;

Distribution of products, including both delivery management and tracking for physical products, and direct delivery of products that may be distributed electronically;

The possibility of organizing virtual enterprises - a group of individual specialists or even independent companies for joint commercial activities; implementation of business processes jointly managed by the company and its trading partners.

E-commerce is only one of the components of e-business, which is limited to conducting transactions using electronic systems, for example, the sale of goods or the provision of services via the Internet.

It is customary to distinguish five areas of e-commerce:

> business - business (business-to-business, B2B);

> business - consumer (business-to-consumer (customer), B2C);

> consumer - consumer (consumer (customer)-to- business-to-

consumer (customer), C2C)

> business - administration (business-to-administration, B2A);

> consumer - administration (consumer (customer) -to-

administration, C2A).

business to business

This direction includes all levels of information interaction between companies. This uses special technologies and standards for electronic data interchange, such as EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) or systems based on XML document markup language (eXtensible Markup Language).

The benefits of such cooperation can hardly be overestimated. For example, the dealer gets the opportunity to independently place orders and monitor the progress of their execution by working with the supplier's databases and thus obtaining the necessary information about the stock of products in warehouses. Similarly, a supplier, having a connection to warehouse bases, can quickly track the partner's stocks, replenishing them in a timely manner. And similar examples can be found in any area of ​​interaction between companies.

According to Jupiter Communications forecasts

(www. jupitercommunications. com) the total turnover of the B2B market by 2005 will be over $6 trillion (diagram 1.1).

The development of B2B in Russia also does not stand still. Already today the total number trading floors exceeded a hundred, and according to a Brunswick Warburg study ( www. bw. en) the annual growth of the Russian B2B market is 245%.

Business consumer

Today, this direction seems to be the most promising from a commercial point of view. It is based on e-retail. The Internet has a large number of electronic stores offering a wide range of goods and services.

Chart 1.2 provides data on the growth of e-commerce in this sector according to eMarketer.

The B2C sector is currently, of course, inferior in volume to the B2B sector and, although this trend will continue, it occupies a very significant share of the total volume of e-commerce.

consumer-consumer

The consumer-consumer direction has become increasingly important in recent years. It includes the ability for consumers to interact to exchange commercial information. This may be an exchange of experience in the acquisition of a particular product, an exchange of experience in interaction with a particular firm. This area also includes the form of trade between individuals, which is embodied in Internet auctions.

The auction form of trading on the Internet is a fairly young, but promising area of ​​e-commerce, the turnover of which is now approaching the turnover of all other retail trade via the Internet. The number of users making purchases on Internet auctions today is in the millions. On one of the most popular eBay online auctions ( www. ebay. com) in 2001, about 3.5 million types of goods were put up for auction daily in more than 2900 different categories.

Business Administration

The interaction of business and administration includes business relations of commercial structures with government organizations, ranging from local authorities to international organizations.

For example, recently there has been a desire by the governments of developed countries and the leadership of international organizations to actively use the Internet to purchase goods and services by publishing announcements and the results of transactions. Often, commercial structures have the opportunity to send their proposals electronically.

Consumer-administration

This area is the least developed, but it has a very high potential that can be used to organize interaction between the government and the consumer, especially in the social and tax spheres.

The main form of e-commerce today is the organization of trade and services via the Internet.

At the same time, all stages of the transaction process are transferred to the new database: search (advertising) of goods, ordering, invoicing, payments, delivery and after-sales service.

The advantages of e-commerce compared to traditional types of business activity are quite significant:

Usage electronic forms communication can significantly reduce the cost of organizing and maintaining the entire business infrastructure. There is no need for trading floors, the functions of which are performed by online stores.

Reduced time to place and complete an order.

There is a possibility of continuous control over orders, as well as pre- and after-sales service.

Customer service can be personalized.

The market for goods and services for the seller and the choice for the buyer are expanding.

There are fundamentally new opportunities for marketing.

New lines of business are being created.