Geography 11 Africa. The economic situation of Africa is a presentation for a geography lesson (grade 11) on the topic. Features of a developing country

The video lesson is devoted to the topic “Composition, political map, population of Africa.” This topic is the first in the lesson section dedicated to Africa. You will get acquainted with the diverse and interesting countries of the region, with their characteristics and political systems. The teacher will talk in detail about the composition, borders, and uniqueness of African countries. Much attention in the lesson is paid to the population of the region. As additional material, the lesson covers three topics: “African Union”, “Conflict of Conflicts”, “Slavery”.

Topic: Africa

Lesson: Composition, political map, population of Africa

Africa- the second largest continent in terms of area and population after Eurasia. Africa is washed by the waters of the Atlantic and Indian oceans. The area of ​​Africa is 29.2 million square meters. km, with islands - about 30.3 million square meters. km, thus covering 6% of the total surface area of ​​the Earth. Africa's population is about 1 billion people.

The total number of states and dependent territories in Africa is more than 60.

Rice. 1. Political map of Africa ()

The largest country in Africa by area is Algeria, by population - Nigeria.

Regions of Africa:

1. North Africa.

2. West Africa.

3. Central Africa.

4. East Africa.

5. South Africa.

Rice. 2. Map of African regions ()

The boundaries run along orographic objects or along certain degrees. Almost all African countries are republics (with the exception of Lesotho, Morocco and Swaziland, which are still constitutional monarchies). The administrative-territorial structure of the states is unitary, with the exception of Nigeria, Comoros, Ethiopia and South Africa. Many countries in Africa are ruled by military or dictatorial regimes.

The ethnic composition of Africa is very complex; there are up to 700 different peoples.

Largest nations of Africa:

3. Fulbe.

4. Yoruba.

6. Amhara.

8. Rwanda.

9. Malagasy.

Linguistically, 1/2 of the population belongs to the Niger-Kordofanian family, 1/3 to the Afro-Asian family, and only 1% are residents of European origin.

The population consists mainly of representatives of two races: Negroid - sub-Saharan and Caucasian in North Africa (Arabs) and South Africa (Boers and Anglo-South Africans).

In cultural and ethnographic terms, Africa is divided into two regions: North Africa and Tropical Africa.

The autochthonous languages ​​of Africa are divided into 32 families, of which 3 (Semitic, Indo-European and Austronesian) “penetrated” the continent from other regions. The most widespread language of the Afroasiatic language macrofamily, Arabic, is used in North, West and East Africa as a first and second language. Many African languages ​​(Hausa, Swahili) include a significant number of borrowings from Arabic (primarily in layers of political and religious vocabulary, abstract concepts). Indo-European languages ​​became widespread due to the era of colonial rule: English, Portuguese, and French are official languages ​​in many countries. South Africa has 11 official languages.

Religions: Christianity and Islam.

Africa stands out worldwide for having the highest population reproduction rates. The high birth rate is explained by centuries-old traditions early marriages and large families, religious traditions, as well as an increased level of healthcare. Most countries on the continent do not pursue an active demographic policy.

The change in the age structure of the population as a result of the demographic explosion also entails great consequences: in Africa the proportion of children is high and is still growing (40-50%). This increases the “demographic burden” on the working-age population. Africa has a high incidence of various diseases, high mortality, and low life expectancy. The population explosion in Africa is exacerbating many problems in the regions, the most important of which is the food problem.

Rice. 4. Providing humanitarian assistance to the people of Africa ()

An important feature of African countries is the discrepancy between political and ethnic boundaries as a consequence of the colonial era of the development of the continent. As a result, many united peoples found themselves on different sides of the border. This leads to interethnic conflicts and territorial disputes.

In terms of urbanization, Africa still lags far behind other regions. However, the rate of urbanization here is the highest in the world. Like many other developing countries, Africa experiences false urbanization, with 2/3 of the population living in rural areas.

Largest cities in Africa:

Rice. 5. The capital of Egypt is Cairo ()

African Union is an international intergovernmental organization uniting 54 African states. The most important decisions within the organization are made at the Assembly of the African Union - a meeting of heads of state and government of member states of the organization, which is held every six months. The African Union Secretariat and the African Union Commission are located in Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. In February 2009, it was decided to transform the African Union Commission into the Authority of the African Union. It is planned to create many general bodies management, introduction of a common currency. The objectives of the African Union are to maintain peace on the mainland and develop countries.

Rice. 6. African Union flag ()

Conflict of conflicts. Africa is the most conflict-prone region in the world. In recent decades, Africa has firmly established its reputation as the most conflict-prone region on our planet. Therefore, it increasingly began to be called a continent of conflicts, or, more figuratively, a boiling continent. Indeed, already in the post-colonial period, 35 armed conflicts were recorded here, during which about 10 million people died. For many years and even decades, Angola, Somalia, Sudan, Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo), Rwanda, Burundi, Liberia, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Western Sahara, Uganda, Chad, Mauritania, and some other countries remained pain points on the continent .

Rice. 7. Military conflict in Mali ()

Slavery. Europeans long ago began to enslave the inhabitants of Africa and used them as labor, thereby making a profit.

Homework

Topic 8, P. 1, 2

1. What regions (subregions) are distinguished in Africa?

2. Tell us about the process of urbanization in Africa.

Bibliography

Main

1. Geography. A basic level of. 10-11 grades: Textbook for educational institutions/ A.P. Kuznetsov, E.V. Kim. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2012. - 367 p.

2. Economic and social geography of the world: Textbook. for 10th grade educational institutions / V.P. Maksakovsky. - 13th ed. - M.: Education, JSC "Moscow Textbooks", 2005. - 400 p.

3. Atlas with a set of outline maps for grade 10. Economic and social geography of the world. - Omsk: FSUE "Omsk Cartographic Factory", 2012. - 76 p.

Additional

1. Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 672 p.: ill., map.: color. on

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections

1. Geography: a reference book for high school students and applicants to universities. - 2nd ed., rev. and revision - M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2008. - 656 p.

2. Africa // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional ones). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.

Literature for preparing for the State Exam and the Unified State Exam

1. Thematic control in geography. Economic and social geography of the world. 10th grade / E.M. Ambartsumova. - M.: Intellect-Center, 2009. - 80 p.

2. The most complete edition of standard versions of real Unified State Examination tasks: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: Astrel, 2010. - 221 p.

3. The optimal bank of tasks for preparing students. Unified State Exam 2012. Geography. Tutorial/ Comp. EM. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukova. - M.: Intellect-Center, 2012. - 256 p.

4. The most complete edition of standard versions of real Unified State Examination tasks: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2010. - 223 p.

5. Geography. Diagnostic work in the format of the Unified State Exam 2011. - M.: MTsNMO, 2011. - 72 p.

6. Unified State Exam 2010. Geography. Collection of tasks / Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 272 p.

7. Geography tests: 10th grade: to the textbook by V.P. Maksakovsky “Economic and social geography of the world. 10th grade” / E.V. Baranchikov. - 2nd ed., stereotype. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2009. - 94 p.

8. Unified State Exam 2009. Geography. Universal materials for preparing students / FIPI - M.: Intellect-Center, 2009. - 240 p.

9. Geography. Answers on questions. Oral examination, theory and practice / V.P. Bondarev. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2003. - 160 p.

10. Unified State Exam 2010. Geography: thematic training tasks / O.V. Chicherina, Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 144 p.

11. Unified State Exam 2012. Geography: Model exam options: 31 options / Ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M.: National Education, 2011. - 288 p.

12. Unified State Exam 2011. Geography: Standard exam options: 31 options / Ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M.: National Education, 2010. - 280 p.

Materials on the Internet

1. Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements ( ).

2. Federal portal Russian Education ().

3. Electronic version Geography magazine ().

Explanation of new material.

Target The teacher specifies the students' knowledge on a new topic.

Teacher

– IN modern world there are more than 200 states. 54 of them are located in the Africa region. African countries are generally larger in size than European countries. Look at the Business Card of Countries in the textbook:

Which state is the largest in area? Sudan.

Which country in Africa is the largest in terms of population? (Nigeria)

What are the African countries based on their territorial structure?

What are the countries by form of government?

EGP (frontal work)

Let's draw up a description of the EGP according to the plan and write it down in the lesson map. Let's highlight the “+” and “-” EGP.

Teacher reads out the points of the plan

Teacher – What conclusion can be drawn about the region’s EGP? Listening to the opinions of students, the teacher specifies the answers:

In general, EGP is beneficial:

1) Proximity to Zar. Europe and Asia

2) Position at the intersection of main sea transport routes from Europe to Asia and America (Suez Canal)

3) The coastal position of most countries of the continent.

4) Proximity to markets for raw materials and sales of products

5) Possibility of trade with countries of the world through two oceans and the Mediterranean Sea, development of maritime transport

But there are disadvantages: 1) the countries of the central part are landlocked, remote from the centers of economic power,

2) state borders are not formed, territorial disputes often arise.

Additional Information:

To help strengthen cooperation among African countries, the OAU, the Organization of African Unity, was created in 1963. The headquarters of the OAU was in Addis Ababa. In 2002, the OAU was transformed into the African Union.

What is more “+” or “-” EGP? What can we conclude?

Teacher

We found out the advantages and disadvantages of the region's EGP.

Our next task is to study the natural resource potential of the region.

Natural resource potential

Remember what groups of resources are important for economic development?

Mineral

Land

Agroclimatic

Forest

Water

Let's find out which ones are in Africa.

Teacher

Talks about mineral resources - Additional Information(slide):

Africa is exceptionally rich in mineral resources. Among other continents, it ranks first in reserves of manganese, chromite, bauxite, cobalt, diamond, and phosphorite ores.

There are 7 main mining areas in Africa:

1. Algerian-Libyan;

2. Atlas;

3. Egyptian;

4. Western Guinean;

5. East Guinean;

6. Copper belt;

7. South African.

Now compare the political and economic map and identify three groups of countries with different reserves of mineral resources.We will do the work in pairs.

Let's check. Mark the named country with a magnet on the map.

Let's draw a conclusion about the availability of mineral resources and write it down in the table of our lesson map.

Teacher

organizes work in groups.

What other types of resources are left in the table?

Let's divide into three groups:

1st row - land

2nd row – agroclimatic

3rd row – forest

Find out the features of these resources and enter the data in the table. You can use the map and text from the textbook. You have 3 minutes to work.

Teacher

Let's check.

What conclusion can be drawn about Africa's provision with various resources necessary for economic development?

Physical education minute.

Teacher

We found out the security natural resources region.

But the main wealth of any region is people. Africa has the second largest population in the world after Asia.Let's complete the following task; Let's study the population of the region (work in groups)

Complete the tasks using the text and maps

1 row Features of population reproduction.

2 row Population structure

3rd row Population placement

You have 3 minutes to work.

To summarize: What do the African population data show?

What is the level economic development African countries?

Teacher

We found out the characteristics of the region's population.

Our next task is to study the history of the region.Read the text about the history of Africa and write your own answers to the questions about the text.

Let's check. Let's read out the answers in a chain. What conclusion can be drawn?

Which main reason backwardness of the region?

Lesson No. 11 ___________________

Lesson topic: general characteristics Africa

The purpose of the lesson: educational –

study the common features of EGP and GGP of African countries,

find out the history of the development of African countries,

assess the natural resource potential and level of development of the African continent as a whole and individual states,

profile the population of AfricaVed - to study general information and the level of development of the African continent;

developing –

develop the ability to work with maps and statistical materials,

develop problem solving skills,

form students’ own judgments ontowards negative social phenomena based on identified problems of the region’s population,

contribute to the development of students’ interest in studying this topic through independent learning activities;

educating – to cultivate a political worldview in students, tolerance, and interest in the subject.

Lesson type: learning new material (technology “Creating a problem situation”).

Equipment: political map of the world, atlas, mineral resources map, video, presentation, computer, projector, screen

During the classes.

Org moment.

Good afternoon guys! I want to start today’s lesson with wonderful lines calling for perseverance, hard work, joy of life, and creativity. Let them become our motto:

If you don't know, find out

You can do it - go for it

Don't be afraid of the steep path!

Try it

Look for

accomplish it

reach

May your life become a song!

II . Updating knowledge and determining the topic of the lesson.

SLIDE 1

Teacher: We have already studied 2 regions. Remember which ones?

(suggested answer: Overseas Europe, Overseas Asia and Australia)

There is still a lot of interesting things ahead of us; three regions have not yet been explored.

I bring to your attention a short video clip. And you yourself will understand which region we will study in the coming lessons (watch the video clip) (suggested answer: we will study the Africa region).

Teacher: Let's formulate the topic of the lesson (suggested answer: general characteristics of Africa).

SLIDE 2

So, let’s write down the topic of the lesson in a notebook: “General characteristics of Africa” (writing the topic on the board and in the notebook).

What do you know about Africa from 7th grade? (free student answers)

Teacher: remember the 10 centers of the world economy (Topic 4 P.3 in textbooks on the Federal State Educational Standard - page 115)

The answer is: Foreign Europe, North America, CIS, Japan, China, India, Mexico, Brazil, Gulf countries, NIS countries (list)

SLIDE 3

Is there such a center in Africa?

- Teacher: So, in Africa there is not a single center of the world economy. What is the conclusion?

The students' expected answer is the conclusion: there are no developed countries or centers in Africa, which means that all African countries (except South Africa) are developing. By all indicators, Africa lags noticeably behind other large regions, and this lag is even growing.

modeling a problem situation.

Teacher: identify the problem that suggests itself from the output (students' answers)

Problematic question: Why is Africa still the most backward region in the world?

Africa is the most backward region to this day. Let's try to find the reasons for the lag.

Teacher: To solve this problem, it is necessary to remember what determines the level of economic development of any region, that is, what should we find out about the Africa region? (corrects students’ statements and posts a plan for studying the material)

SLIDE 4

Natural resource potential

Population

History of the region.

Based on the plan, formulate the goals and objectives of our lesson?

III. Learning new material.

SLIDE 5 (background)

Numbers are posted on the board

1.Common features

1) region Africa and mainland Africa + adjacent islands - ranks 1st in area (30.3 million km 2, for comparison Asia 27.7 million km 2, Europe - 5.4 million km 2) and 2nd place in population (1 billion people in 2010, after Asia 4.1 billion people).

Task at the board for 2 people: determine the extent of Africa using a degree grid in kilometers. Answer: length: north about 8 thousand km, west about 7.5 thousand km

2) By what criteria can these countries differ from each other?

(suggested answer: by area, by number, etc.).

Assignment: look at the business card of countries in the textbook and determine in Africa:

1 option; 3 largest countries by area (answer: Algeria, DR Congo, Sudan)

Option 2: 3 largest countries by population (answer: Nigeria, Egypt, Ethiopia)

Additionally: Algeria and DR Congo are among the top 10 countries by area

And the area of ​​Egypt, South Africa, Algeria, Ethiopia is 2.5 times larger than S France (the largest European state)

2) Total states in Africa (information on everyone’s desk)

– 55 sovereign (with islands) states,

10 possessions (or dependent territories):

St. Helena, Ascension and Tristan de Cunha (Great Britain)

British Indian Ocean Territory (Chagos Archipelago, Metropolitan Britain)

Mayotte (France) - Reunion (France) - Eparce Islands (France)

French Southern Territories (France)

Ceuta and Melilla (enclaves in Morocco, metropolitan Spain)

Canary Islands (Spain) - Madeira (Portugal) - Azores (Portugal)

3 self-proclaimed unrecognized states in place of the state of Somalia: in the northern part of Somaliland, in the eastern part - Pauntland, in the central part - Galmudug

3) Characteristics of EGP and GGP of Africa.

B) The main features of the EGP (work with a description plan).

Teacher: Before you is a plan for the characteristics of the EGP. Think about what features characterize the EGP of Africa (students’ answers).

Teacher: Listening to the opinions of students, specifies the answers

SLIDE 6

1) Proximity to Foreign Europe and Asia.

2) Position at the intersection of the main sea transport routes from Europe to Asia and America (via the Suez Canal)

3) The coastal position of most countries of the continent.

4) Proximity to markets for raw materials and sales of products.

5) Possibility of trade with countries of the world through two oceans and the Mediterranean Sea, development of maritime transport

6) the countries of the central part are landlockedand are located at a distance of 1.5 thousand km from the coast , remote from centers of economic power, such as 15 states in Africa(give examples)

7) features of state borders (according to DT-1 p. 298) – conditional.

40% of borders are not demarcated

44% - by parallels and meridians

30% - along arched and curved lines

26% - along natural boundaries coinciding with ethnic boundaries

8) If the borders of states are not formed, then territorial disputes often arise (1/5 of the entire territory is an area of ​​territorial disputes (For example, Ethiopia and Somalia, Morocco and Western Sahara, Chad and Libya)

SLIDE 7

Teacher Let's highlight positive and negative. traits, what traits are there more? What conclusion can be drawn about the EGP of the region?

Anticipated Student Answers: in general, EGP in Africa is beneficial and contributes to economic development

PROJECTOR TURN OFF

C) PGP: working with business card textbook: all states R, with the exception of Swaziland, Lesotho, Morocco, mostly presidential republics. However, military and dictatorial political regimes are often hidden under the republican form of government.

All unitary states, with the exception of 4 states ( South Africa, the Federal State of Nigeria, Ethiopia, Comoros with its capital Moroni).

Contemporary Africa is an arena of active, transnational political and economic integration. Several organizations were created to solve the continent's problems:

Hang up the cards (record transcripts in a notebook)

AfDB- African Development Bank

YOU– East African Community

ECOSAG– Economic Community of West African States

COMMONWEALTH,led by Great Britain

OAU– Organization of African Unity, which includes 53 states (formed in 1963), it was converted in 2002. to the African Union.

4. Natural conditions and resources (compiling a table and independent work for children).

1 pair – studies mineral resources (work with text p. 287, appendix table 3, 4, 5 p. 403, additional text 2 p. 298)

2 pair – land resources (work with text p. 287, table 6 p. 404, atlas)

3 pair – agroclimatic resources (working with text p. 287)

4 pair – forest resources (work with text p. 287, appendix table 8 p. 405)

Para 5 – hydropower resources (work with the text, appendix table 7, additional text 3 p. 298).

6th pair – water resources

7 para – recreational resources

Suggested answers.

Mineral resources. Africa ranks 1st in reserves of manganese, chromite, aluminum ores, gold, silver, platinum and phosphorites.

All raw materials are mined using an almost open-pit method. The richest country in Africa is South Africa. It contains all minerals, except. oil, natural gas, bauxite. The reserves of platinum, gold, and diamonds are especially large

The first diamond was found in South Africa in 1869. A year later, the city of Kimberley was founded here, after which the diamond-bearing rock became known as kimberlite. The diamond content in kimberlites is very low - no more than 0.0000073%, which is equivalent to 0.2 g or 1 carat, for every 3 tons of kimberlites.

Land resources are 1 person more in Africa than in Southeast Asia, but only 1/5 of the area is cultivated. The earth is rapidly degrading.

1/3 of all dry land in Africa

2/5 of the earth is subject to desertification.

Agroclimatic resources.

Heat resources are abundant; it is known that Africa is the hottest continent, because... is crossed by the equator and the tropics, and is located mainly in equatorial and tropical latitudes.

Water resources are insufficient in all latitudes except equatorial ones. The large rivers Congo, Nile and others are distributed unevenly over the territory. Artificial irrigation accounts for 4-5% of the land. In the equatorial zone, on the contrary, there is excess moisture.

The Congo River is rich in hydroelectric power. Its fall is 275 meters, in the lower reaches there are 32 waterfalls. Here you can build a hydroelectric power station with a capacity of 80 million. kW = capacity of all US hydroelectric power plants.

Forest resources

Africa is inferior to Latin America in terms of forest area, but the forest cover rate is even lower.

Recreational resources are provided: pyramids, National parks, nature

Conclusion : There are natural resources, but they are distributed unevenly across the continent.

3. Population of Africa (work with statistical material)

SLIDE 8

We found out the availability of natural resources in the region.

But the main wealth of any region is people. Africa has the second largest population in the world after Asia. Let's complete the following task: study the population of the region (work in groups)

Complete the tasks using the text and maps

1 row Features of population reproduction.

2 row Population composition

3rd row Population placement

TURN ON PROJECTOR

group.

SLIDE 9

The population in 2010 was 1 billion people. Population reproduction is characterized by the following features.

The birth rate is very high (Niger, Chad, Angola, Somalia, Mali with P=45-50 people/per 1000 inhabitants); Kenya 42 people/per 1000 inhabitants

Slogan: “Not having money is a disaster,

But not having children means being doubly poor.”

Mortality and morbidity are high, life expectancy is low. The average life expectancy for women is 56 years, for men -54 years,

EP (page 63, map) 37-15=22 – high despite the high mortality rate. Countries - 2 types of reproduction

SLIDE 10

The ethnic composition is very diverse. There are more than 300 ethnic groups here. Large nations have formed in North Africa, but most are at the level of nationalities: vestiges of the tribal system are also preserved. Hence, ethnopolitical conflicts - in Sudan, Kenya, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria, Angola - often take on the character of genocide.

Genocide (notebook entry) is the extermination of entire population groups on racial, national, ethnic or religious grounds.

Example. In 1994 Conflict arose between the Tutsi and Hutu tribes in densely populated Rwanda. As a result, about 1 million people died, 2 million. - fled to neighboring countries.

Overall, Africa accounts for half of all refugees. And this type of migration always leads to outbreaks of famine, epidemics, and increases infant and general mortality.

The legacy of the past are the official languages ​​of the metropolitan countries: English in 11 countries, French in 17, Portuguese in 5.

SLIDE 11

Population distribution: avg. the density is 34 people/km 2, which is less than in Europe. The population is unevenly distributed (in the Nile Valley -1700 people/km2, and in the desert - 1)

Urbanization according to the map on page 77, large agglomerations (page 76)

In Tropical Africa: Burundi - capital Bujumbura -100% mountains. us.

Guinea – capital Conakry – 81% mountains. us.

Main features of urbanization in Africa: low rate, but the highest rate of urbanization in the world: urban population doubles every 10 years

Conclusion: there are problems associated with the population explosion in Africa (environmental problems, excess of children in relation to the working population, employment problem, health problem, “urban explosion”.

But despite the scale of the “urban explosion”, 2/3 of Africans still live in rural areas.

SLIDE 12

Teacher: Let's summarize: What do the data on the population of Africa show?

3) General features historical development(student message)

Intended message: The historical path of most African states passed through three stages:

1) European colonization.

2) National liberation movements.

The colonization of African lands by Europeans took place differently in the northern and southern parts of the continent. Thus, if North Africa was completely divided among the colonialists without any special difficulties throughout the 19th century, the conquest of the southern and central parts of the continent was slower and more difficult. The reason for this was the complete lack of infrastructure in these territories, as well as various dangerous tropical diseases. One way or another, by the beginning of the twentieth century there were only two independent states in Africa: Ethiopia and Liberia (as convict colonies). All other countries were controlled by the European metropolises: France, Italy, Germany, Portugal and Britain. Different countries Africa experienced the period of decolonization in different ways, which began in the 20s and ended at the end of the twentieth century. And if in North Africa the national liberation movements were more successful, then in South Africa they were of the nature individual situations. Libya was the first to gain independence in 1951. And the culmination of the decolonization of the continent was 1961, which historians nicknamed “the year of Africa.” This year, as many as 17 countries on the mainland became independent.

The last state to become independent was Namibia, which broke away from Germany in 1990.

But even later. Eritrea in 1993 (since 1950 it was part of Ethiopia)

In 2011, South Sudan separated from the Republic of Sudan as a result of a referendum.

What is the peculiarity of the development of a country - a colony?

We have studied all the points of our plan (show plan), and now remember what problem we identified at the beginning of the lesson. Explain what is the main reason for the backwardness of the region?

What problem did we solve in class?

How did we solve it? What material did you study?

Try to formulate a solution to the problem yourself?

What was our goal at the beginning of the lesson?

Have we achieved our intended goal?

IV . Homework assignment

SLIDE 13.

Topic 8 P.1 pp. 286-290 before farming.

Rear 2 page 300

optional: create a crossword puzzle

V . Consolidation of the studied material.

Performance test tasks(7 questions) presented on the screen in the form of slides

SLIDE 14-20

VI . Stage of summarizing the lesson

Teacher: Tell me, did today’s lesson help you acquire new knowledge and remember the knowledge you acquired in 7th grade? (students' answers)

VII . Reflection stage.

Can you say that at some stage you flew? Or maybe, on the contrary, you felt insecure?

Hour after hour goes by,

Flashes of light and shadow.

A star over the river means night.

And the sun means day.

AFRICA

The second largest continent (after Eurasia), washed by the Mediterranean Sea in the north, the Red Sea in the north, the Atlantic Ocean in the west, and the Indian Ocean in the east and south.

Africa is the part of the world consisting of the continent of Africa and adjacent islands.

The area of ​​Africa is 29.2 million km², with islands - approx. 30.3 million km².

Africa is home to 54 states, 5 unrecognized states and 5 dependent territories. The most developed country RSA, the rest are developing.

Africa's population is approx. 1 billion people.

Africa is considered the ancestral home of humanity: it is here that the most ancient remains of early hominids and their probable ancestors were found, including Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Australopithecus africanus, A. afarensis, Homo erectus, H. habilis (Habilis) and H. ergaster (Human worker).

Territory – 30,221,532 km²

Population – 1,032,532,974 (2011) people.

Density – 30.51 people/km²

Includes – 54 states

Extreme points

Northern – m. Blanco (Ben Sekka)

South – metro station Igolny

Western - M. Almadi

Eastern – m. Ras Hafun

origin of name

Initially, the inhabitants of ancient Carthage used the word “afri” to describe people who lived near the city - from the Phoenician afar - “dust”. After the conquest of Carthage, the Romans named the province Africa. Later, all known regions of this continent, and then the continent itself, began to be called Africa.

Another theory is that the name "Afri" comes from the Berber ifri - "cave", referring to cave dwellers.

“Africa” comes from the ancient language of Ta-Kem (Egypt): “Afros” is a country of foam. This is due to the collision of several currents that form foam when approaching the continent in the Mediterranean Sea.

Latin aprica – “sunny”.

Greek αφρίκη - “without cold”. The word φρίκη (“cold” and “horror”), combined with the negative prefix α-, denotes a country where there is neither cold nor horror.

Relief

For the most part– flat, in the north-west there are the Atlas Mountains, in the Sahara – the Ahaggar and Tibesti highlands. In the east is the Ethiopian Highlands, to the south is the East African Plateau, where the Kilimanjaro volcano (5895 m) is located, the highest point of the continent. In the south are the Cape and Drakensberg Mountains. The lowest point (–157 m) is located in Djibouti - this is the salt lake Assal.

Minerals

The richest deposits of diamonds (South Africa, Zimbabwe) and gold (South Africa, Ghana, Mali, DRC).

Large oil fields in Nigeria and Algeria.

Bauxite is mined in Guinea and Ghana.

Resources of phosphorites, manganese, iron and lead-zinc ores are concentrated on the northern coast.

Inland waters

One of the longest rivers in the world is located - the Nile (6852 km), flowing from South to North. Other largest rivers are the Niger in the West, the Congo in the center and the Zambezi, on which the Great Patriotic War is located. Victoria, Limpopo and Orange in the South.

The largest lake is Victoria (average depth 40 m, greatest – 80 m). Other large lakes are Nyasa and Tanganyika, located in lithospheric faults. One of the largest salt lakes is Chad, located on the territory of the state of the same name.

Climate

The hottest continent on the planet. The reason is the geographical location of the continent: the entire territory of Africa is located in hot climate zones and the continent is crossed by the equator. Africa is home to the hottest place on Earth, Dallol, and the highest temperature on Earth has been recorded (in Tripoli, +58.4°C).

The center belongs to the equatorial belt, where there is heavy rainfall throughout the year and there is no change of seasons.

To the north and south of the equator there are subequatorial belts. Here, in summer, humid equatorial air masses dominate (rainy season), and in winter, dry air from tropical trade winds (dry season).

North and south of the subequatorial belts are the northern and southern tropical belts. They are characterized by high temperatures with little rainfall, which leads to the formation of deserts.

The northern and southern ends of the continent are included in the corresponding subtropical zones.

To the north is the largest desert on Earth, the Sahara Desert, to the south is the Kalahari Desert, and to the southeast is the Namib Desert.

Fauna and flora

The flora of the tropical, equatorial and subequatorial zones is diverse. Ceib, pipdatenia, terminalia, combretum, brachystegia, isoberlinia, pandan, tamarind, sundew, bladderwort, palms and many others grow everywhere. etc. Savannas are dominated by low trees and thorny bushes (acacia, terminalia, bush).

Desert vegetation is sparse, consisting of small communities of grasses, shrubs and trees growing in oases, high-altitude areas and along water. The flora of desert areas is well adapted to irregular rainfall. Perennial drought-resistant grasses and shrubs have an extensive and deep (up to 15–20 m) root system. Many of the grass plants are ephemeral plants that can produce seeds within 3 days of sufficient moisture and be sown within 10 to 15 days thereafter.

A notable plant of the Namib Desert is Welwitschia mirabilis. It grows 2 giant leaves that grow slowly throughout its life (more than 1000 years), which can exceed 3 m in length. The leaves are attached to a stem that resembles a huge cone-shaped radish with a diameter of 60 to 120 cm, and protrudes 30 cm from the ground. Welwitschia roots extend into the ground to a depth of 3 m. Welwitschia is known for its ability to grow in extremely dry conditions, using dew and fog as the main source of moisture. Welwitschia, endemic to the northern Namib, is depicted on the national coat of arms of Namibia.

The tropical, equatorial and subequatorial zones are inhabited by a variety of mammals: okapi, antelopes (duikers, bongos), pygmy hippopotamus, brush-eared pig, warthog, galago, monkeys, flying squirrel, lemurs (on the island of Madagascar), civets, chimpanzees, gorillas, etc. Nowhere in the world there is no such abundance of large animals as in the African savannah: elephants, hippopotamuses, rhinoceroses, lions, giraffes, leopards, cheetahs, antelopes (eland), zebras, hyenas, African ostrich.

The predominant birds are gray fowl, turaco, guinea fowl, hornbill, and marabou.

Reptiles and amphibians of the tropical equatorial and subequatorial zone - mamba (one of the most poisonous snakes in the world), crocodile, python, tree frogs, dart frogs and marbled frogs.

In humid climatic zones, the malaria mosquito and the tsetse fly are common, causing sleeping sickness in both humans and mammals.

Political division

The total number of states and dependent territories in Africa is 62 (of which 54 are independent). This includes 10 island, 15 inland and 37 states with wide access to the seas and oceans.

Most of them were colonies of European states for a long time and gained independence only in the 50s and 60s. XX century Currently, many African countries are ruled by regimes that discriminate against the white population.

In the north of the continent are the territories of Spain (Ceuta, Melilla, Canary Islands, Small Sovereign Territories) and Portugal (Madeira).

In 1963, the Organization of African Unity (OAU) was created, uniting 53 African states. This organization was transformed into the African Union on July 9, 2002. Morocco is not included in the African Union - as a sign of protest against the admission of Western countries to its membership. Sahara, which Morocco considers its territory.

The Chairman of the African Union is elected for a term of 1 year by the head of one of the African states. The administration is located in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia).

Objectives of the African Union:

Political and socio-economic integration;

Protecting the interests of the continent and its population;

Peace and security in Africa.

General EGC of African countries

A feature of the GPs of 15 countries is their lack of access to the sea. In countries with access to the ocean, the coastline is poorly indented, which is unfavorable for the construction of large ports.

Africa is exceptionally rich in natural resources. Particularly large reserves of mineral raw materials are manganese ores, chromites, bauxites, etc.

Oil and gas are produced in North and West Africa (Nigeria, Algeria, Egypt, Libya).

Enormous reserves of cobalt and copper ores are concentrated in Zambia and the DRC; manganese ores - in South Africa and Zimbabwe; platinum, iron ores and gold - in RSA; diamonds - in Congo, Botswana, South Africa, Namibia, Angola, Ghana; phosphorites - in Morocco, Tunisia; uranium - in Niger, Namibia.

Africa has large land resources, but soil erosion has become catastrophic due to improper cultivation. Forests occupy approx. 10% of the territory, but as a result of predatory destruction, their area is rapidly declining.

African countries have not yet managed to change the colonial type of sectoral and territorial structure of the economy.

African countries have achieved the greatest success in mining industry. In the extraction of many minerals, Africa holds a leading and sometimes monopoly place in the world (in the extraction of gold, diamonds, platinum group metals, etc.). The manufacturing industry is represented by light and food industries.

The second sector of the economy that determines Africa’s place in the world economy is tropical and subtropical agriculture. Agricultural products account for 60–80% of GDP. The main cash crops are coffee, cocoa beans, peanuts, dates, tea, rubber, sorghum, and spices. IN Lately began to grow grain crops - corn, rice, wheat. Livestock farming is extensive, characterized by a huge number of livestock, but low productivity and low marketability. The continent is not self-sufficient in agricultural products.

Transport retains the colonial type: railways go from the areas of raw material extraction to the port, while the regions of one state are practically not connected. Rail and sea modes of transport are relatively developed. In recent years, other types of transport have developed: road (a road was built across the Sahara), air, and pipeline.

Population

Population approx. 1 billion people Population growth on the continent is the highest in the world - 2.3%. Over the past 50 years, it has increased average duration life - from 39 to 54 years.

The population consists of representatives of 2 races - Negroid in sub-Saharan Africa and Caucasoid in North Africa (Arabs) and RSA (Boers and Anglo-South Africans).

The most numerous people are the Arabs of North Africa.

During the colonial development of the mainland, many state borders were drawn without taking into account ethnic characteristics, which still leads to interethnic conflicts.

The average population density is 30.5 people/km².

Urbanization is less than 30%, but the rate of urbanization here is the highest in the world; many African countries are characterized by false urbanization. The largest cities on the African continent are Cairo (Egypt) and Lagos (Nigeria).

The languages ​​of Africa are divided into 32 families. There are 7 isolated and 9 unclassified languages.

Indo-European languages ​​have become widespread due to the era of colonial rule: English, Portuguese, and French are official in many countries. In Namibia since the beginning of the 20th century. There is a densely populated community that speaks German as its primary language.

The most widespread language, Arabic, is used in northern, western, and eastern Africa as a first and second language. Many African languages ​​include significant amounts of loanwords from Arabic.

Among world religions, Islam and Christianity predominate (Catholicism, Protestantism, and, to a lesser extent, Orthodoxy). Buddhists and Hindus live in East Africa (many of them come from India).

Division of Africa

The Race for Africa or the Scramble for Africa is a period of intense competition among a number of European imperialist powers for holding research work and military operations ultimately aimed at capturing new territories in Africa.

By 1902, European powers controlled 90% of Africa. In Africa, only Liberia (patronized by the United States) and Ethiopia retained independence.

The colonial division of Africa ended in the year the First World War began (07/28/1914 – 11/11/1918).

After World War II, the process of decolonization in Africa began rapidly. 1960 was declared the Year of Africa - the year of liberation of the largest number of colonies. In this year, 17 states gained independence. Most of them are French colonies: Cameroon, Togo, Malagasy Republic, Congo, Dahomey, Upper Volta, Ivory Coast, Chad, Central African Republic, Gabon, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Mali. The most were declared independent large country Africa in terms of population is Nigeria, which belonged to Great Britain, and the largest in territory is the Belgian Congo. British Somalia and Italian Somalia are united to form the Somali Democratic Republic.

Dates of African countries gaining independence:

1960 – Cameroon, Togo, Malagasy Republic, Congo, Dahomey, Upper Volta, Ivory Coast, Chad, Central African Republic, Gabon, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Mali, Belgian Congo, Somalia.

1961 – Sierra Leone, Tanganyika.

1962 – Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda.

1963 – Kenya, Zanzibar.

1964 – S. Rhodesia (=Republic of Zambia), Nyasaland (=Malawi).

1965 – Gambia.

1966 – Bechuanaland (=Republic of Botswana), Basutoland (=Kingdom of Lesotho).

1968 – Mauritius, Equatorial Guinea and Swaziland.

1973 – Guinea-Bissau.

1975 – Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, Sao Tome and Principe, 3 of 4 Comoros (Mayotte remained a French possession).

1977 – Seychelles, French Somalia (=Republic of Djibouti).

1980 – Southern Rhodesia (=Republic of Zimbabwe).

1990 – South West Africa (=Republic of Namibia).

The declaration of independence of Kenya, Zimbabwe, Angola, Mozambique and Namibia was preceded by wars, uprisings, and guerrilla warfare. But for most African countries - without major bloodshed, with mass demonstrations and strikes, a negotiation process, and UN decisions.

Due to the fact that the borders of African states during the “Race for Africa” were drawn artificially, without taking into account the settlement of various peoples and tribes, and the fact that African society was not ready for democracy, civil wars began in many African countries after gaining independence. In many countries, dictators came to power.

A presentation on the topic “Africa” is an excellent tool for showing in a geography lesson in grades 10-11. The training session involves general familiarization with the peculiarities of the geographical location of the continent and mastering the ability to work with various maps. The topic of the lesson is revealed in 16 slides. The work can be downloaded for free for anyone who is preparing a thematic lesson or is going to answer homework at the next lesson or test, exam.

Multimedia development introduces high school students to the African continent. Children will learn the peculiarities of the climate and life of people in Africa. The African continent has a hot climate. Part of the land is occupied by deserts. This paper talks about how to find geographical position By this plan. High school students will test their skills in determining coordinates, after which they will use various methods of recording geographic points. In the same lesson, it is proposed to consider several types of maps, repeat the definition of meridians, parallels, and equator.

Carrying out practical work, schoolchildren will identify the extreme points of the continent, repeat the climatic zones, name all the seas and oceans washing Africa. Eleventh graders will independently mark these objects on the contour map.

Education in Canada - presentation The presentation talks about the features of the education system in Canada. The material will be of interest to those who study the country in geography lessons in grades 10 - 11 or to those...Countries of Africa - presentation Presentation presents project work students on the topic “Countries of Africa”. Show electronic development would be suitable in a geography lesson as a additional material. Students will be interested...The population of Africa - presentation The presentation introduces students in a geography lesson to information about the population of Africa, and also classifies knowledge about the religious, racial, and linguistic composition of the population of the African continent. On the first...