Second World War set the task for scientists to find a fuel that is easily flammable and burns for a long time. Gasoline was not suitable, since its effect is insignificant: it quickly spreads over a wide area and burns out just as quickly. The reason for this unsuitability was the low viscosity of gasoline. In 1942, researchers at Harvard University found a solution to this problem.

Origin story

Dr. Louis Fizer and the US Army Chemical Service, under his strict leadership, researching fuel issues, were able to find a thickening component, which today we know as napalm. This significant moment, as mentioned above, occurred in 1942. To understand what napalm is, you need to consider its composition.

The development of jelly-like fuel, which was carried out in the pre-war period, boiled down to the fact that rubber was needed as a thickener. At that time it was a very scarce commodity. After Harvard research, it became clear that aluminum naphthenates and palmitates can be used as a thickener. When mixed with gasoline, the now famous flammable napalm is obtained.

What kind of fuel is this?

In principle, every military man knows what napalm is and how to use it. But this fuel was banned. The UN adopted a convention in 1980 prohibiting the use of certain types of weapons and incendiary mixtures, which include attacks, against civilians. By 2005, 99 countries had signed this Convention. These included all European countries, with the exception of Andorra and San Marino. Russia and Ukraine also signed the Convention.

Convention and Protocol on prohibited incendiary mixtures

Understanding what napalm and other flammable mixtures used in military operations are, there are countries that have signed the Convention, but have not signed Protocol III, in which we're talking about just about fuel. These are 6 countries: Monaco, Israel, Turkey, Turkmenistan, South Korea and the USA. Another 6 countries have not ratified the Convention, but have signed the Protocol. These are Sudan, Nigeria, Iceland, Egypt, Vietnam, Afghanistan. Among the countries that are part of the CIS, there are those that have not acceded to the Convention and have not signed Protocol III. These are Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan.

Knowing what napalm was, the United States widely used it in combat. They used this fuel in fire mines, aerial bombs, flamethrowers (backpack and mechanized), and incendiary cartridges that hit manpower. This fuel was used to create fires in other military equipment.

First use

The United States first used napalm for weapons in 1942. But it was widely used on July 17, 1944. This was a raid by US fighters (bombers) on a German fuel depot in France (Coutense). After using napalm, scorched earth remains, and all living things around are incinerated. This fuel was also used by Israel and Iraq. The consequences of using napalm are impossible to predict. It affects the entire surrounding area uncontrollably. That is why the Convention and the corresponding Protocol on flammable mixtures were adopted. There are a sufficient number of cases where, after the use of napalm, not only scorched earth remains, but also civilians die or suffer greatly.

Thickener

The fuel is named napalm from the first letters of the names of the acids: naphthenic and palmitic. The percentage composition of the mixture is as follows: from 89 to 93% gasoline and from 7 to 11% thickener (aluminum salts of acids).

The composition of the aluminum acid thickener includes:

• naphthenic acid - 25%;
• palmitic acid (from coconut oil) - 50%;
• oleic acid - 25%;

The finished thickener looks like a grayish or pinkish powder. It will have a soapy consistency to the touch. Metal hermetically sealed jars are used to store thickeners.

Types of thickeners available in the USA

The United States produces several brands of this substance, which contain salts of organic acids:

• M2 - dehydrated silica gel (5%) and thickener from a mixture of aluminum salts of organic acids (95%);
• M4 - dibasic aluminum soap of isooctanoic acid (98%) and anti-caking agent (2%).

The main standard thickener used by the American ground forces is M4: 98% aluminum salt and 2% silica gel. As a backup option, use the more expensive Ml. It is classified as a spare service document because it is prepared from natural material considered to be in short supply.

Types of stamps

The fuel that the Americans use for incendiary bombs is grade 1. The composition of napalm includes: 92-96% gasoline and 4-8% Ml-thickener. Ordinary napalm containing 89-93% gasoline and 7-11% thickener, the consistency is a viscous liquid, up to a state that resembles flowing jelly. The density of napalm mixtures is 0.8-0.9 g/cm³. The combustion temperature of such fuel is 900-1200°C, and the burning time is from 5 to 10 minutes. The more viscous the napalm, the slower it burns.

In military operations, there is such a thing as “burning with napalm,” which means advancing with fire that destroys all living things in its path. Vietnam especially felt this. On the land through which this deadly weapon passed, nothing grew for a long time.

This thickened gasoline, depending on the thickener and brand of fuel, may have different colour: from transparent and completely colorless to pink and even brown. Weapon creators went further and developed supernapalm. This is a mixture to which light metals or phosphorus are added. This substance is very active on wet surfaces and is capable of self-ignition. That is why this fuel is especially effective when used in the jungle and in the north. Supernapalm cannot be extinguished with water.

There is a type of napalm called pyrogel. It is obtained by adding powdered (shavings can be) magnesium, aluminum, as well as coal, saltpeter, asphalt, an inorganic oxidizing agent and other substances. It is a sticky mass that is gray in color. It's doughy. The combustion temperature of pyrogels reaches a value of 1600°C. These substances differ in that they are heavier than water. The combustion process lasts only 1 to 3 minutes.

Special properties

A flamethrower mixture such as attack has increased stickiness. The composition sticks to the affected object, even if it is a vertical surface. Thus, this fuel provides excellent ignition. The highest degree of adhesion to various types of surfaces (including wet ones) is endowed with napalm of grade "B". Its composition: gasoline (25%), benzene (25%) and polystyrene thickener (50%). Isobutyl methacrylate and organic salts of di- and trivalent metals can also act as a thickener.

The rate at which such fuel burns is controlled by adding wood flour, asphalt and various resins. Individual clumps of the flamethrower mixture burn for up to 4-5 minutes. After the combustion temperature reaches its maximum, it begins to decrease. During the combustion process, a lot of heat is released, and oxygen is absorbed from the air with high intensity. Such processes have the effect of significantly increasing the concentration of carbon monoxide within the bomb's radius. As is known, this substance is highly toxic.

Military technology experts note that viscous mixtures best suit the specific needs of flamethrowing. But they have a drawback: instability. Viscous mixtures change their properties depending on temperature environment(air temperature) and time of year. Because of this, equipment with napalm can be used for 10 days, with the exception of grade “B” napalm.

Many Soviet people learned about what napalm was only in the sixties, watching television reports from warring Vietnam. Terrible burns, injured and dead children, burning cities and villages caused justifiable indignation. Even filmed from afar, the airstrike looked terrible. Over the jungle, a Phantom or Skyhawk would enter a combat course, at some point a large cigar-shaped tank, similar to an additional fuel tank, would separate from its belly, it would tumble randomly until it touched the ground, then burst, and a real sea of ​​fire spread across it, from which there was no escape... In general, napalm is a terrible weapon.

Idea and implementation

In everything that concerns methods of destroying their own kind, people show ingenuity that clearly deserves better use. The first step towards increasing the efficiency of killing, in addition to rapid-fire small arms and artillery weapons, was flamethrowers, backpack-mounted, stationary and mounted on special tanks. The idea is simple: a flammable liquid, like water from a hose, should be directed at the enemy. But even in this simple matter there was a catch. Firstly, you need to hit it, and secondly, make the extinguishing process as difficult as possible. Gasoline is good for everyone, but it burns with lightning speed. Try setting fire to diesel fuel. You need some kind of substance that, when ignited easily, releases a lot of heat over a long period of time. By 1942 this task was in general outline solved by specialists working in the group of Dr. L. Fizer on the instructions of the USACC (Chemical Corps) Soon the Japanese who held the defense of Tinian learned what napalm was. True, not all of them were able to talk about it.

Cooking technology

The general technological idea was to add ingredients to the main combustible substance that retard combustion, increase viscosity and increase the ability to stick. Rubber is very suitable for these purposes: it is sticky and viscous, and dissolves perfectly, and burns, but it is painfully expensive. The mixture of salts of palmitic and naphtheic acids turned out to be very successful. The composition of napalm gave it its name; it has nothing to do with the Russian word “to burn”, but is formed from the first letters of chemical additives that make ordinary gasoline much more deadly.

The result of the developers' efforts was a certain substance, more or less thick in consistency, even jelly-like. The combustion temperature reached eight hundred degrees Celsius. Additives accounted for approximately a tenth of the total volume. It was successfully used in Europe, in battles with German troops and their allies, and in the Pacific theater of operations against the Japanese.

What is Napalm-B

Progress cannot be stopped, especially in the field of weapons. In education and medicine... But that’s not about that now.

Already by the beginning of the Korean War, the composition of napalm was supplemented with new components that significantly improved its effectiveness. Firstly, chemical stability has been increased during long-term storage, and the possibility of separation into fractions has been eliminated. Secondly, it began to burn much brighter and hotter (up to 1500 °C). And thirdly, and most importantly, this product can stick to everything in the world. If you pour water on an object or sprinkle it with snow, then this is even better (that is, worse for the object). The composition of napalm includes which, as you know from a school chemistry course, they simply explode when exposed to moisture. Napalm-B uses ordinary polystyrene dissolved in benzene as a thickener. This whole infernal mixture, along with sodium or potassium, is added to gasoline, stirred, and everything is ready. It even burns through steel. By the way, it’s also inexpensive.

Common sense and prohibition

Against the so-called Viet Cong (National Liberation Front), the US Army used almost its entire arsenal, with the exception of weapons of mass destruction. However, knowing and understanding what napalm is, it is difficult to abandon the idea that it can easily be classified in this category. For this substance it is completely indifferent whether there are a hundred, a thousand or more living beings in the area of ​​​​its application; it will burn everything it touches. It is for this reason that in 1980 the UN approved a convention banning napalm. The use of incendiary weapons was considered a barbaric method of warfare. But not everyone heeded the quiet voice of reason. But to do this, you just had to imagine yourself or one of your relatives under a napalm shower. Probably not everyone has enough imagination...

After 1980

The Convention banning the use of napalm was adopted by 99 states of the world, more than half of all those represented in the UN. Among them are Russia (then RSFSR), Ukraine (Ukrainian SSR), Belarus (BSSR) and all of Europe (San Marino and Andorra do not have armies, so they did not participate in the process of limiting lethal means). Countries that were at war or awaiting war refrained from signing or ratifying. These include the USA, Israel, Turkey, the Republic of Korea, Afghanistan, Vietnam, Sudan, Nigeria and some others. After the collapse of the USSR, four former republics (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan) also did not join the convention (third protocol).

Napalm was used by the Salvadoran army (civil war, 1984), Argentina (Falklands, 1982), Iraq (against Iranian troops, 1980), as well as the UK and the USA (during Desert Storm 1991). As often happens in war, the strikes were not always accurate enough, causing civilians to suffer.

Another napalm

Looking for a lucky one trademark Manufacturers of goods sometimes use words that are well known to ordinary people, but in a different context. For example, a remedy for fighting cockroaches was once called “Koba” (the party nickname of J.V. Stalin), obviously meaning his mercilessness towards his enemies. Among other samples of household chemicals you can find “Napalm” for weeds. This, according to the advertising blurb, is an effective herbicide, a real godsend for agricultural producers and owners of summer cottages. Its main advantage, like that of real napalm, is its strong retention of the substance on the surface of plants and resistance to precipitation. How ethical is this name? It is up to consumers to judge. Perhaps not everyone already remembers

Characteristics of incendiary substances: napalm, pyrogel, thermite, white phosphorus, gasoline, oil, etc.

1. Characteristics and properties of incendiary substances

Incendiary weapons are incendiary substances and means of their combat use.

Incendiary weapons are designed to defeat enemy personnel, destroy their weapons and military equipment, stocks material resources, as well as to create fires in combat areas.

Incendiary substances are special chemical compositions(mixtures) capable of developing high temperatures during combustion. All modern US Army incendiaries are divided into three groups: petroleum-based incendiaries, metallized incendiaries, thermites and thermite compounds. A special group of incendiary substances consists of ordinary and plasticized phosphorus, alkali metals, as well as a self-igniting mixture based on triethylaluminum (TEA).

The main damaging factor of incendiary weapons is the release of thermal energy and combustion products toxic to humans.

The most important properties of incendiary substances: high temperature (1000-3000 ° C), combustion stability, physico-chemical resistance and safety in handling.

2. a brief description of incendiary substances: napalm, pyrogel, thermite, white phosphorus, gasoline, oil, etc.

Incendiary mixtures based on petroleum products (napalm)

Incendiary mixtures based on petroleum products (napalm) can be unthickened or thickened (viscous). This is the most widespread type of incendiary mixtures with burn and incendiary effects.

Unthickened incendiary mixtures are prepared from gasoline, diesel fuel or lubricating oils.

Thickened mixtures are viscous, gelatinous substances consisting of gasoline or other liquid hydrocarbon fuel mixed in certain proportions with various thickeners (both flammable and non-flammable).

Napalms are classified as incendiary substances that do not contain an oxidizer and burn when combined with oxygen in the air. They are jelly-like, viscous, have strong adhesion and high temperature combustion of a substance.

The first sample of napalm was synthesized in the USA in early 1912. Napalm is obtained by adding a special thickening powder to liquid fuel, usually gasoline. During the Second World War, the thickening powder consisted of aluminum salts of three acids: naphthenic, palmetic and oleic (the word “napalm” is derived from the initial letters of the names of the first and second acids). Currently, napalm includes incendiary mixtures consisting of liquid fuel and adding one or more organic thickeners. Typically napalm contains 3-10% thickening powder and up to 97% gasoline. In the US Army, thickener powders are available in several brands. The most common: M1, M2, M4, polystyrene and polyisobutene.

Napalms prepared on the basis of gasoline have a density of 0.8-0.9 g/cm. They have the ability to easily ignite and develop temperatures up to 1000-1200°C. The burning time of napalm is 5-10 minutes. They stick well to the surface of various objects and are difficult to extinguish.

The most effective fire mixture is considered to be napalm B, adopted by the US Army in 1966. It is characterized by good flammability, increased adhesion even to wet surfaces, and is capable of creating a high-temperature (1000-1200°C) fire with a burning duration of 5-10 minutes. Napalm B is lighter than water, so it floats on the surface while retaining the ability to burn. Napalm B burns with a smoking flame, saturating the air with caustic hot gases. When heated, it liquefies and acquires the ability to penetrate shelters and equipment.

Metallized incendiary mixtures (pyrogels)

Metallized incendiary mixtures (pyrogels) consist of petroleum products with the addition of powdered or shavings of magnesium or aluminum, oxidizing agents, liquid asphalt and heavy oils.

If you add powdered or in the form of magnesium shavings, aluminum, as well as coal, asphalt, saltpeter and other substances to napalm, you get a mixture called “pyrogel”. The combustion temperature of pyrogens reaches 1600°C; they are a pasty, sticky mass of gray color. Unlike ordinary napalm, pyrogens are heavier than water and burn for only 1-3 minutes.

The introduction of combustible metals into the composition of pyrogels increases the combustion temperature and imparts burning ability to these mixtures.

Napalms and pyrogels have the following basic properties:
- adhere well to various surfaces of weapons, military equipment, uniforms and the human body;
- are easily flammable and difficult to remove and extinguish;
- when burning, they develop a temperature of 1000-1200ºС for napalms and 1600-1800°С for pyrgels.

Napalms burn due to oxygen in the air; combustion of pyrgels occurs both due to oxygen in the air and due to the oxidizing agent included in their composition (most often salts of nitric acid).

Napalms are used to equip tank, mechanized and backpack flamethrowers, aircraft bombs and tanks, as well as various types of fire mines.

Pyrogels are used to equip incendiary aviation ammunition of small and medium caliber.

Napalms and pyrogens are capable of causing severe burns to personnel, setting fire to equipment, and also creating fires in the area, in buildings and structures. Pyrogels, in addition, are capable of burning through thin sheets of steel and duralumin.

Termites and termite compounds

Thermite compounds have been used for a relatively long time. Their action is based on the “aluminothermic” reaction discovered by the Russian scientist P.N. Beketov back in 1865. The essence of this reaction is that crushed aluminum combines with the oxides of refractory metals to release large quantities heat.

For military purposes, the thermite mixture powder (usually aluminum and iron oxides) is pressed. Burning thermite flares up to a temperature of 3000°C. At this temperature, concrete and brick crack, iron and steel burn.

As an incendiary agent, thermite has the disadvantage that when it burns, no flame is formed, so 40-50% of powdered magnesium, drying oil, rosin and various oxygen-rich compounds are added to thermite and thermite compositions are obtained.

Thermite incendiary mixtures in service with the US Army include compositions of the TN2 and TN3 grades and the new thermite composition TN4; they can burn through metal and parts of military equipment and disable it. These thermite compounds are used in small-caliber aviation incendiary bombs, artillery shells, grenades and cartridges.

White phosphorus and plasticized white phosphorus

White phosphorus is a translucent wax-like solid. It is capable of self-ignition by combining with oxygen in the air. Burns with a bright flame and produces abundant white smoke. The ignition temperature of powdered phosphorus is 34°C, the flame temperature is 900-1200°C.

White phosphorus is used as a smoke-forming agent and also as an igniter for napalm and pyrogel in incendiary ammunition.

Plasticized phosphorus is a mixture of white phosphorus with a viscous solution of synthetic rubber. As a result, the mixture acquires the ability to stick to vertical surfaces and burn through them. This allows the use of plasticized phosphorus for loading bombs, mines, and shells. Unlike ordinary phosphorus, it is more stable during storage; when ruptured, it is crushed into large, slowly burning pieces.

Burning phosphorus causes severe, painful burns that take a long time to heal. It is used in artillery shells and mines, aircraft bombs, and hand grenades. As a rule, incendiary-smoke-producing ammunition is filled with white phosphorus and plasticized white phosphorus.

Gasoline, oil and other petroleum products

Unthickened fire mixtures are low-viscosity liquids consisting of a mixture of gasoline with heavy motor fuels of all types, diesel fuel and lubricating oils. To prepare unthickened mixtures, gasoline and liquid fuel are usually taken in equal proportions. Unthickened mixtures are used only with backpack flamethrowers. Their use for tank flamethrowers and aircraft ammunition (bombs and tanks) is not recommended.

Napalm is a flammable substance used as a flamethrower and incendiary mixture. It is obtained by adding to liquid fuel (kerosene, gasoline and other petroleum products) special thickening powders consisting of mixtures of aluminum salts of certain organic acids, such as naphtheic and palmitic. By the way, it was these two substances that gave napalm its name. The word napalm comes from the English naphthenic acid and palmitic acid.

Humanity has succeeded in inventing and creating various weapons to destroy its own kind, including the most terrible ones, and napalm, like poisonous, bacteriological and nuclear weapons, can be called the brainchild of an evil military genius. It appeared during the Second World War, and at first its creation was due to vital necessity.

The fact is that in this conflict, flamethrowers were used by both belligerents, but they used gasoline, which spreads easily, as a result of which the affected area increases, promoting rapid combustion. All this did not allow achieving high combat effectiveness. What was needed was a substance that burned slowly and at the same time gave a constant and strong fire.

Such developments were carried out before the outbreak of World War II, and the best component that gunsmiths could find to create a jelly-like fuel was rubber. However, this material was quite scarce, especially in wartime. And so, in 1942, all in the same United States, which can be called the recognized leader in the invention of the most terrible means of murder, scientists at Harvard University under the command of Louis Fizer, together with the US Army Chemical Service, found a solution to the problem for which rubber was not required. This is how napalm was created, which burns for a long time, easily ignites, and causes unbearable suffering to its victims before death.

It ignites easily but burns slowly, depending on the viscosity of the substance. When burning, acrid, thick black smoke is released; it adheres perfectly to any surface, including vertical ones; the flame temperature can exceed a thousand degrees.

The consistency of napalm can vary from a viscous liquid to a practically non-flowing jelly. Later, napalm was developed based on polystyrene, which adheres perfectly even to wet surfaces.

Further more. If you add alkali metal alloys to napalm, it will spontaneously ignite when it hits a target, especially if the object is wet or covered with snow. This is the so-called supernapalm, which cannot and cannot be extinguished with water.

It turns out that napalm, originally planned as fuel for flamethrowers, has turned into a completely independent weapon of destruction. But this was not enough for the evil geniuses and they went further - adding inorganic oxidizing agents and magnesium to the composition, they managed to raise the combustion temperature to 1600 degrees Celsius. The slags formed in the process easily burn through the metal.

The American army was the first to adopt napalm in the year of its creation and selflessly used it during the Second World War, the Korean War of 1950-1953, and especially zealously in Vietnam from 1964 to 1973.

In 1980, the United Nations banned the use of napalm against civilians through a convention. But, as recent events show, some are, to put it mildly, indifferent to its protocols.

The section is very easy to use. Just enter the desired word in the field provided, and we will give you a list of its meanings. I would like to note that our website provides data from different sources– encyclopedic, explanatory, word-formation dictionaries. Here you can also see examples of the use of the word you entered.

The meaning of the word napalm

napalm in the crossword dictionary

Dictionary of medical terms

napalm

a self-igniting viscous mixture made from liquid fuel (for example, gasoline) and aluminum salts of organic acids; used in war as a means of killing people and creating fires.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I.Ozhegov, N.Yu.Shvedova.

napalm

Ah, m. Viscous incendiary and flamethrower mixture. Burn with napalm.

adj. napalm, oh, oh.

New explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

napalm

m. A viscous flammable product used as a flamethrower or incendiary mixture.

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

napalm

NAPALM (eng. napalm) incendiary viscous mixtures. Napalm is prepared from liquid fuel (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) and a special thickening powder (aluminum salts of organic acids - naphthenic, palmitic, etc.). Flame temperature up to 1600°C. Introduced in the USA in 1942 and used in World War 2 and later.

Napalm

[English] napalm, short for na (phthenic acid) ≈ naphthenic acid and palm (itic acid) ≈ palmitic acid], a flammable product used as incendiary and flamethrower mixtures. It is obtained by adding to liquid fuel (gasoline, kerosene and other petroleum products) a special thickener powder consisting of a mixture of aluminum salts of organic acids ≈ naphthenic, palmitic, etc. The amount of thickener in relation to the weight of the fuel is for gasoline (gasoline) 4≈11 %, the consistency of the resulting N. varies from a viscous liquid to an almost non-flowing jelly. N. is highly flammable, burns slowly, emitting thick, acrid black smoke (flame temperature 900≈1100╟C depending on the type of fuel), and adheres well to targets, including vertical surfaces. In the USA, a new N. “B” was developed based on polystyrene, which adheres even to wet surfaces. When magnesium and inorganic oxidizers are introduced into N., the flame temperature of the resulting incendiary mixture increases to 1600╟C. The slags formed during combustion can even burn through metal structures. If light metal alloys are added to N, the mixture spontaneously ignites on the target, especially when the target is wet or covered with snow. Such mixtures are called supernapalm; they cannot be extinguished with water. Nitrogens are used in aircraft bombs, fire mines, backpack (portable) and mechanized flamethrowers, and incendiary cartridges to destroy manpower, military equipment, and create fires. N. was first adopted by the US Army in 1942 and was used by American aviation during World War II (1939–45), in the aggressive war against the Korean people in 1950–53, and especially widely in the aggression against Vietnam in 1964–73.

M.I. Prostomolotov.

Wikipedia

Napalm

Napalm(- short for - naphthenic acid and - palmitic acid) - thickened gasoline, a flammable product used as incendiary and flamethrower mixtures. Used as a weapon.

Napalm is highly flammable, burns relatively slowly, emitting thick black smoke (flame temperature 900-1100 °C depending on the type of fuel), and due to its gel-like consistency, it adheres well to targets, including vertical surfaces.

Examples of the use of the word napalm in literature.

The most common known incendiary agent is napalm-- a mixture of gasoline with a thickener, which is a mixture of aluminum salts of naphthenic, oleic and palmitic acids, polystyrene, etc.

Until they pass by artillery, and the flyers napalm the green stuff will not be cleared.

And Mil also thought that it would be quite nice to call a company of space special forces into these caves and burn everything out napalm.

What difference does it make, Jim, whether a person died, devoured by the mouth of a ctorr or burned napalm?

Janner is in no hurry to replenish Slepakov’s home photo library with photographs of burnt victims napalm in Bahr el-Bakr of Arab children, the ruins of El Quneitra and Rafah, the ashes of Biram and Ikrit.

Africa, from road accidents in Europe, from yaws, smallpox, napalm in Asia, the tragedy of an island lost in the ocean, less than three hundred inhabitants of which ultimately remained safe and sound, is a mere trifle.

Then I was informed that the discoverer of this napalm- mountain shooter Benkendorf used it during the defense of Shushi, but for some reason declared his own invention an English trophy.

“And I’m not going to lift it in a helicopter,” Burke said calmly, not paying attention to Max’s scream, “I’m not stupid and I understand that lifting and holding such a tank with napalm a helicopter can't.

Napalm it was burning brightly, the night was lit up with dancing tongues of flame, we had to be careful, because it seemed somehow not entirely reasonable to burn down the helicopter.

Soon they will want to rename Portovaya Street, Dubravnaya, and then Eastwick itself, listening to some person from the lower classes who couldn’t think of anything better than to go and burn villages napalm.

Judging by the color of the flame - a cinnabar hue - the city was set on fire by bombs filled with condensed gasoline - napalm.

Here it is used as a fire mixture napalm, Danny - the same napalm, which we used in Vietnam.

This is an old model, but napalm quite modern, thick, with the addition of light metal alloys, it will burn until it burns you to the bones, even if you jump into a river or some body of water.

Young man, there are some nice reasons why napalm was banned as a weapon of war.

He limped slightly when he came out from behind the podium: “Take a good look - that’s what.” napalm can do to a human being.