Texts are all around us. Text is a concept that is both philosophical and linguistic, general and specific. But in Everyday life Most people are faced with the linguistic aspect of the text, that is, a certain sequence of symbols connected by a common meaning, purpose and form. In this interpretation, the texts were and remain an indispensable source of information about everything in the world, from culinary recipes to the basic principles of string theory. We heard the first texts in our lives, then we ourselves learned to pronounce their simplest examples. And they didn’t think about the complexity of that system until they went to school and learned that texts can also be read, written down and analyzed.

Since text is a truly complex and even multitasking system, there are many different processes associated with them and based on them. Students encounter some of them high school when they undergo a compulsory program for studying the Russian language. As part of mastering text rubrication. The value of this skill can hardly be overestimated, because it allows you to better understand and remember even large amounts of information, the content of book paragraphs, literary works, lecture notes, and simply structures and organizes the thought process. Therefore, it will be very useful for both schoolchildren and their parents to learn how to draw up a thesis plan for a text.

What is a thesis plan
The thesis plan of the text is only one of existing species its structuring. It is based on the fact that each connected text has a certain structure, and its parts are logically interconnected in meaning. Moreover, each part contains an expression of thought that complements the general meaning of the text, but allows it to be divided into semantic subsections. This semantic basis of the text is the basis for drawing up a thesis plan. It consists, accordingly, of theses - that is, laconic phrases that formulate in a concise form the main idea of ​​each part of the text.

As a rule, the authors of the texts have already left a kind of hint for those who will subsequently have to divide their work into parts. Because in a well-written text, paragraphs contain their own provisions, and the theses coincide with them. In other words, it is enough to understand what each individual part of the text is saying in order to derive the thesis from that part. But what if the semantic basis of the text is not very clearly structured? What if the same idea occurs in the text several times in different parts of it or is formulated ambiguously? In this case, other types of plans will come to the rescue, the most common of which are:

• interrogative;
  
• quotation;
  
• nominative (simple and complex).
  

Any of these types of outlines help organize the information presented in the text and use it as a basis for its summary. But no plan helps to fix in memory and assimilate its nuances as well. Therefore, if you or your child/student is faced with the task of preparing for a speech, remembering the details of a speech, lecture, essay or article, then the best way I can’t think of anything better than drawing up a thesis plan. But in order for it to really help and not confuse you, you need to compose it correctly.

Rules for drawing up a thesis plan for a text
Theses, as the main semantic component of the text, are not homogeneous in their essence and significance for conveying information. There are original and secondary theses. If we are talking about completing a school assignment or preparing for a public speech, you can neglect secondary theses and concentrate your attention on the original ones, because they play the role of a supporting scheme for restoring in memory the main ideas of the text and their development in a logical sequence. When starting to compile a thesis plan for the text, to obtain an optimal (that is, concise but meaningful) result, follow these recommendations:

1. Read the text slowly. You may need several readings to understand all the details of its content and form.
   
2. Mentally answer the question: “What did the author want to say?” Then determine not only the main idea of ​​the entire text, but also those logical “steps” by which the author of the text led the reader to the final idea.
   
3. Match these sequential thoughts with the structural parts of the text. If it is written in a draft or electronic document, you can even label each one by listing it next to the corresponding sentence and/or paragraph.
   
4. These individual thoughts are the basis of the thesis. Make sure that they all differ in content and do not repeat each other.
   
5. Close your eyes or hide the written text, and then mentally reformulate each individual thought in your own words. Your task is to talk about its main content, getting rid of unimportant little things and details that do not carry the main content. Reduce artistic, “decorative” elements, leaving only the significant ones, without which the idea will be lost.
   
6. Thus, you have already done the lion's share of the work: identified and formulated theses. If they can be shortened without losing meaning, do so. If they already contain only the essence, proceed to drawing up a plan.
   
7. Unlike other types of plan, a thesis plan does not require the creation of a special heading for each item: they are already formulated theses. Write them down sequentially in the same order in which they are located in the author's text, without disturbing it.
   
8. In some cases, it is permissible to change the order of theses if this is justified by the development of the plot (for example, several parallel storylines) or helps you better navigate the content.
   
9. After writing down the abstracts and numbering them, close the original text and get distracted for a while, do something else and don’t think about the plan. Then re-read it and try to use it to reconstruct the content of the original text. It is best to do this the next day, after a night's rest.
   
10. If the content, logic of arguments and idea of ​​the author’s text can be easily reproduced using your thesis plan, then you can be congratulated. It is compiled correctly and will allow you to speak well in front of an audience and/or get an excellent grade in class!
    

The easiest way is to create a thesis plan plain text, divided into small paragraphs. In some cases, taking into account the complex author's presentation of information in the text, one paragraph may contain two or more ideas. Then the task of the thesis outline writer becomes to carefully monitor and highlight each of them, because skipping even one link in the logic of the narrative disrupts the construction of the entire plot. If necessary, each thesis can be divided into subthesis - sometimes this tactic allows you to complete the task faster. But in most cases, when it comes to classwork or homework, it is enough to understand what it is about we're talking about in the text, and formulate provisions that contain its key ideas.

Textbook for 8th grade (Part 2)

Literature

Questions and assignments based on the play by A.N. Ostrovsky "Snow Maiden"

1. How do you imagine A.M. Ostrovsky? Tell us about it using materials from the textbook.
2. Read the play “The Snow Maiden” in its entirety. Determine which events of the play make up its composition: exposition, beginning, culture, denouement.
3. Which scenes from The Snow Maiden made the strongest impression on you? Why?
4. Make a thesis plan for the textbook heading “In the world of literary expression of the play “The Snow Maiden”.”
5. Name keywords necessary to characterize the central images of the play.

1. Formulate the artistic idea of ​​the play-fairy tale by A.N. Ostrovsky.
2. Define the genre of “The Snow Maiden”.
3. What is the stage fate of the play by A.N. Ostrovsky? Try to answer using additional materials.
4. Why, in your opinion, was “The Snow Maiden” met with ambiguity by some writers?

   Topics for essays, messages, creative works

   1. “The Snow Maiden” and oral folk art.
   2. Hymn of love (by page " spring fairy tale» A.N. Ostrovsky).
   3. Romantic traditions in The Snow Maiden.
   4. Performers in the play and in the opera (story about the actors).
   1. House-museum of A. N. Ostrovsky in Moscow: House in Zamoskvorechye. M., 1988.
   2. Zhuravleva A.I., Makeev M.S. A.N. Ostrovsky. M., 1997.
   3. Lobanov M. Ostrovsky. M., 1979 (ZhZL).
   4. Sakharov V.I. A.N. Ostrovsky in life and work. M., 2012

not fully solved" (A. Blok)

The comedy "Woe from Wit" was written between 1815 and 1820. The content of the play is closely related to the historical events of that time in Russia. The work remains relevant in our time. At that time, society included defenders of serfdom and Decembrists, imbued with love for the Motherland and opposing violence against individuals.

The comedy describes the clash of two centuries: the “present century” with the “past century.” A striking example of the old times is the so-called Famus society. These are acquaintances and relatives of Pavel Afanasyevich Famusov, a wealthy Moscow gentleman, in whose house the play takes place. These are Khlestova, the Gorichi spouses, Skalozub, Molchalin and others. All these people are united by one point of view on life. They are all cruel serf owners; human trafficking is considered normal among them. The serfs save their lives and honor, serve sincerely, and they can exchange them for a pair of greyhounds. So at Famusov’s ball, Khlestova tells Sophia to give her a sop from dinner for her blackamoor - a girl and a dog. She doesn't see any difference between them. This remains relevant today. When a rich person with power and money can humiliate another person of lower level. The ideals for today's society are rich people in ranks. Famusov uses Kuzma Petrovich as an example to Chatsky, who was a venerable chamberlain, “with a key,” “rich and was married to a rich woman.” Pavel Afanasyevich wants a groom like Skalozub for his daughter, because he “has a golden bag and aspires to be a general.”

All representatives of Famus society are characterized by an indifferent attitude towards affairs. Famusov, a “manager in a government place,” deals with affairs only once; at Molchalin’s insistence, he signs the papers, despite the fact that they “contradict and contain many things.” He thinks: “It’s signed, off your shoulders.” The saddest thing is that these days people think exactly the same as Famusov. Almost everyone has an irresponsible attitude towards work. This is the unsurpassability of great comedy; it remains vital and relevant in the 20th century.

The main character of the play is Chatsky, through whom the author expresses his progressive ideas. He opposes the senseless imitation of everything foreign. He wants to punish those around him that they must love and respect Russian culture. Chatsky says that a Frenchman from Bordeaux, who came to Moscow, did not hear “a word of a Russian” and did not see “a Russian face” here. The comedy "Woe from Wit" is unique in world literature, since no one except Griboedov reveals the whole reality of the events taking place.

In the comedy, Chatsky is declared crazy because representatives of Famus society do not understand his ideas. He alone does not want to put up with the humiliation of people over people. Chatsky failed to correctly prove the correctness of his beliefs and still cannot reveal the secret. The comedy remains unsolved because humanity blindly follows life events without wanting to change anything.