Presentation on the theme of the castle. The main features of castle construction. Construction and purpose of medieval castles

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Inhabitants of the castle The number of people living in the castle and the relationships between them depended on the functions performed by the castle. We find the least number of inhabitants in “private” castles, which served primarily as the residence of the owner of the castle and his family. Here we meet only a minimum of servants; in extreme cases, the mistress of the castle had to do housework herself, with the support of one maid, while the owner was engaged in management. The difference from the peasant way of life in this case is barely noticeable. Despite all the reports about bankrupt nobles, such cases were rather the exception. Impoverished knights are often found in the time of the Staufens. Most often, castles, including those belonging to ordinary knights, were the center of small estates with estates in several points, which were rarely cultivated independently. Typically, possessions were distributed among a couple of dozen, less often several hundred, serfs, who paid taxes in return and performed work. In this case, the manager, sometimes with his own clerk, monitored the receipt of natural and cash taxes from the peasants and resolved disputes between the serfs. In some castles, the steward and clerk were allocated a separate room, often near the gate, sometimes in the fort or in the household yard. The servants in these cases were more extensive and included, in addition to servants and maids, a permanent cook, a couple of cooks, and possibly also a stoker, blacksmith or saddler. If there were major construction works, then carpenters and masons were hired, who during this period could also be located on the territory of the castle.

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“Castles and knights of the Middle Ages” - Development of castles. Early European castles were built primarily from wood. Knighting. Knight (German. Even then, moats began to appear around castles. The next day he put on a brown cloak, confessed, took communion and washed himself. The motto of all knights: “God, woman and king.” Castles in culture.

“In a medieval castle” - List of used literature and links to sites. Castle interior. Heating and lighting. A tub from a well at Runneburg Castle around 1250. Donjon. Storage container and table pots. Steam bath from the 14th century. Wall fireplace at Wildenberg Castle. Security. Harvesting. Servant. Military content. Majordomo.

"Knights and castles in the Middle Ages" - Knight's tournament. Printing press. Miniature. Portrait of Johannes Gutenberg. Esau before Isaac. Portrait of Giotto. B. Thorvaldsen. Giotto statue. Branle. Middle Ages. The rise of wall painting.

"Castles" - In the knight's castle. Tournaments were organized by kings and noble feudal lords. Interior of the castle. A drawbridge was often thrown across the moat. At first, castles were built from wood, and then they began to be built from stone. Knight's code of honor. Knight Tournament. Usually the castle was built on a hill or high rock. Only after long service were those who distinguished themselves knighted.

“Feudal Lords and Knights” - Military skills were honed in tournaments - competitions of knights in strength and dexterity. The knight had to be generous. Knights - military class medieval Europe. Knight equipment. The main tower, the donjon, rose above all the buildings. What is the chivalric code of honor? The knight is the hope of the weak and humiliated.

“The time of knights and castles” - Mounted knights were the strongest part of the medieval army. In their activities, the knights saw the embodiment of the principles of Christian chivalry. Miniature 13th century. The ancient part of the castle is the round tower. A competition between the greatest minnesing poets of the Middle Ages took place here. Locks. The word “knight” means “horseman” in translation.

There are a total of 20 presentations in the topic

Castles A medieval castle, at the mere mention of which every person conjures up a familiar picture - towers, drawbridges, battlements - as if transporting us to the era of tournaments and crusades. Meanwhile, medieval castles are very different from each other. The first castles were earthen trenches of more or less extensive size, surrounded by a moat and crowned with a wooden palisade. In the 11th century they take on a more familiar appearance to us; the 14th and 15th centuries are the heyday of castle architecture, and starting from the 16th century. castles are gradually turning into mansions and palaces.

The castle is a symbol of power. The medieval era is a world of knights and castles. In the 10th century, the predominant wooden dungeons and primitive front gardens began to be replaced by fire-resistant stone fortifications. In about two hundred years, Europe became covered with a dense, continuous network of castles and cities, surrounded by strong walls, and controlling all key areas of the terrain...

What castles looked like inside Over time, castles began to be built from stone. From the XIII–XIV centuries. they turned into complex complexes that included a courtyard, a house, a castle chapel, a well, a “banal” oven, artisans’ houses, a prison, public and household buildings. the buildings.

What is a castle - a fortified dwelling of a medieval feudal lord. In the era of feudalism, everyone had to think about their own safety. The answer to this need was castles, where feudal lords and vassals who surrendered under their protection could hide from attacks. The first castles were simply fenced estates in the middle with a tower built on a hill surrounded by a moat. Such fortified estates began to be called camps. The tower, where the owners of the Castle later lived, was called donjon (dominium - master's house). Soon these primitive fortifications were improved: in a place that was difficult to reach by nature, they built the main tower and surrounded it with a high wall, at the corners of which more towers were built. In addition to the wall, the castle was also protected by a deep ditch and a strong wall. The castle courtyard was divided into two by an internal wall. On one side there were services and during the siege the vassals camped; on the other there was a tower where the owner of the castle lived. - fortified dwelling of a medieval feudal lord. In the era of feudalism, everyone had to think about their own safety. The answer to this need was castles, where feudal lords and vassals who surrendered under their protection could hide from attacks. The first castles were simply fenced estates in the middle with a tower built on a hill surrounded by a moat. Such fortified estates began to be called camps. The tower, where the owners of the Castle later lived, was called donjon (dominium - master's house). Soon these primitive fortifications were improved: in a place that was difficult to reach by nature, they built the main tower and surrounded it with a high wall, at the corners of which more towers were built. In addition to the wall, the castle was also protected by a deep ditch and a strong wall. The castle courtyard was divided into two by an internal wall. On one side there were services and during the siege the vassals camped; on the other there was a tower where the owner of the castle lived.

There are also castles on earth that were created by nature itself. For example, Pammukale in Turkey is a terrace-like ledge 20 meters high. In Turkish, "Pammukale" means "Cotton Castle", and indeed, according to appearance it is very reminiscent of a white fortress with the finest filigree trim, in places similar to marvelous lace. This strange structure was formed in time immemorial, because a warm spring, which originates in the limestone mountain range located nearby, has long carried its waters to the ledge. There are also castles on earth that were created by nature itself. For example, Pammukale in Turkey is a terrace-like ledge 20 meters high. In Turkish, “Pammukale” means “Cotton Castle”, and indeed, in appearance it is very reminiscent of a white fortress with the finest filigree trim, in places similar to marvelous lace. This strange structure was formed in time immemorial, because a warm spring, which originates in the limestone mountain range located nearby, has long carried its waters to the ledge. At the edge of the ledge, the mineralized water of the spring, before falling into the Menderes valley, spreads widely, and in some places falls from the ledges in a noisy cascade. But for the most part the water flows slowly, almost imperceptibly. When it comes out of the cracks to the surface, the calcium bicarbonate dissolved in it quickly loses under the influence of light. carbon dioxide, and calcium carbonate falling out of solution forms calcite rock dazzling white color with a glassy sheen. This is how this stalactite castle was formed, striking both local residents and numerous tourists with its splendor. At the edge of the ledge, the mineralized water of the spring, before falling into the Menderes valley, spreads widely, and in some places falls from the ledges in a noisy cascade. But for the most part the water flows slowly, almost imperceptibly. When it comes out of the cracks to the surface, the calcium bicarbonate dissolved in it quickly loses carbon dioxide under the influence of light, and the calcium carbonate that falls out of the solution forms calcite, a dazzling white rock with a glassy sheen. This is how this stalactite castle was formed, striking both local residents and numerous tourists with its splendor.

The largest castle Prague Castle is rightfully considered the largest medieval castle in the world. This castle is 570 meters long and 130 meters wide. Prague Castle is also one of the oldest medieval castles that has survived to this day. The citadel was built more than 11 centuries ago - in 870 AD. Prague Castle is rightfully considered the largest medieval castle in the world. This castle is 570 meters long and 130 meters wide. Prague Castle is also one of the oldest medieval castles that has survived to this day. The citadel was built more than 11 centuries ago - in 870 AD.

Conclusion The castle is a fortified dwelling of a medieval feudal lord, protected by a deep moat. A castle is a fortified dwelling of a medieval feudal lord, protected by a deep moat. The castle is a symbol of strength and power. The castle is a symbol of strength and power. It served for protection. It served for protection.

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Topic: Medieval castles

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Purpose: to consider the defensive value of medieval castles.

Objectives: 1. Consider the reasons for the appearance of castles in Europe. 2. Consider the various defensive structures of the fortress in terms of their intended purpose. 3.Build a model of a medieval fortress. (Recreate a model of a medieval fortress using a constructor.)

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1. Introduction. 2. The appearance of castles in Europe. 3. Defense of castles. 4. Conquest of castles. 5. Model of a medieval castle. 6. Conclusion. 7. Literature.

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The emergence of castles in Europe

Beginning in the 9th century, local leaders began to build fortifications in the form of castles. The first castles were of simple construction and design, but later they evolved into powerful and beautiful stone structures. The reason for building castles was to protect the territory from barbarians, but the real reason was to consolidate their control over the subject territory. This was possible due to the fact that in Europe at that time there was no unified defense strategy and there was no strong centralized power. An example of the construction of castles in Europe is the French province of Poiteau. There were only three castles there before the Viking raids in the 9th century and 39 castles in the 11th century. Similar processes occurred throughout Europe. Castles could be built very quickly. Before the advent of cannons, castle defenders had a huge advantage over those who stormed castles. But the widespread distribution of castles and the creation of huge armies for their defense did not lead to truces between the warring parties, but, on the contrary, inflamed the wars even more.

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Castle defense

The main principle of castle defense was to increase the losses of the attacking enemy while simultaneously reducing negative consequences for the defenders. A well-built castle could be effectively defended by even a small army and held for a very long time. Strong defenses allowed the castle's defenders to hold off an assault or siege until reinforcements arrived or the attacking troops were forced to retreat due to food shortages, disease, or casualties. Fortress: A fortress is a small castle, often part of a larger castle complex. This is a heavily fortified building that often served as the residence of the castle owner. If the enemy captured the outer walls of the castle, the defenders could retreat into the fortress and continue to defend themselves. Many castles grew from fortresses, which were the initial fortified points. Over time, the castles expanded and the old outer walls of the castles became the outer defense of the fortress.

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Defenders: In peacetime, very few soldiers were needed to guard the castle. At night, the bridges were raised and the portcullis lowered, thus blocking the castle. In the event of a threat or assault, a much larger army was brought in to defend the castle. Accurate archers or crossbowmen could use shelling to prevent the enemy from storming the castle or preparing for an assault. Many people were also needed to throw stones from the walls and pour hot liquids onto the attackers. A considerable number of workers were needed to repair walls damaged by the assault and put out fires caused by fiery arrows. Aggressive defenders, on occasion, made a sortie from the castle and attacked the besieging army. These lightning raids allowed the defenders to burn the staircases and forests of the besiegers, lowering their morale. In case of danger, local peasants took over the defense of the walls. Without possessing sufficient skills with a sword, spear or bow, they could perform many other important jobs.

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The donjon is the main tower of the castle, surrounded by walls with loopholes.

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Barbican: Strong castles had outer and inner gates. Between them was an open space called the Barbican. It was surrounded by walls and became a trap for the enemy, who managed to destroy the outer gate. Once in the Barbican, the enemy became very vulnerable and could either retreat through the outer gates or storm the inner ones. At this time, the defenders generously poured tar or boiling oil on the attackers, and threw stones and spears at them.

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Loopholes: Walls and towers were designed to provide maximum protection to the defenders. A platform behind the top of the wall allowed the defenders to stand and fight. Loopholes were made at the top of the walls so that the defenders could shoot or fight while under partial cover. The loopholes could have wooden shutters for even greater protection. At the top of the walls, battlements were often built with thin slits, due to which archers could shoot with little or no risk. During the assault, enclosed wooden platforms expanded from the tops of the walls and towers. From these, defenders could shoot directly down at attackers or throw rocks and boiling liquids at them while remaining protected. These wooden buildings were covered with skins to prevent the wood from catching fire. Stone versions of these scaffoldings were called lean-to loopholes and were sometimes built over gates.

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Walls: Stone walls protected the castle from arson, arrows and other projectiles. Enemies could not scale the smooth walls without special equipment such as ladders or siege scaffolding. Defenders on the walls could shoot down or drop heavy objects on the attackers. The attackers, who were in the open and shooting upward, were at a great disadvantage compared to the defenders, who were protected and shooting downward. Whenever possible, they tried to strengthen the defensive power of stone walls by building walls on hills and cliffs. Gates and doors within the castle walls were few and heavily fortified.

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Moats and drawbridges: To enhance the advantage of the walls, moats were often dug at their base, completely surrounding the castle. Whenever possible, these ditches were filled with water. Such ditches made it very difficult to storm the walls. Soldiers in armor could drown if they fell even into shallow water. Ditches with water also made it very difficult to undermine the walls, since water could wash out the tunnel and flood the diggers. Often the attackers had to drain the water ditches in order to continue the assault. Often the ditch was also partially filled in to allow for ladders or siege scaffolding to be installed. Drawbridges over ditches or ditches of water allowed castle residents to enter and exit the castle as needed. In case of danger, the drawbridge was raised, thus disconnecting the castle from the outside world. The bridges were raised by a mechanism inside the castle, well protected from the enemy.

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Lowering Grate: A lowering lattice made of thick metal rods tightly blocked the castle gates in case of danger. The castle gate, as a rule, was inside a special tower, which was well fortified. The gate bypass (secret underground passage) could also be located in this tower. This tunnel was usually blocked by several powerful bars. The mechanism that raised the bars was located at the top of the tower and was heavily protected. The lowered grates could be a combination of iron rods and thick logs. Defenders and attackers could shoot at each other and stab each other through the bars.

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Supply ramps with a lifting ramp: Some large castles were equipped in this way to avoid surprise attacks and at the same time accidental penetration by spies. Heavy loads and animal carcasses were pulled in by a winch along runners lying in the middle of the flooring.

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Shutters: In addition to performing protective functions, they protected archers or crossbowmen from being blinded by the sun and from the views of the enemy, who could be viewed completely calmly.

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Towers: Towers stood at the corners and often at intervals along the walls. The towers protruded beyond the castle walls, allowing defenders from the towers to fire at the castle walls. From the corner towers the defenders could fire at the two walls. The gate was often defended by towers on both sides. Some castles began with simple towers and grew into false complexes of walls, an inner keep and additional towers.

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Conquest of castles

The conquest and defense of castles was a major military activity in the Late Middle Ages. At that time, cities grew and developed rapidly and were of great strategic importance. A well-fortified castle city could be defended and held by a small well-armed detachment of warriors, but to capture such a fortress it would take much more military force. The attackers had to have a large enough army to capture and subjugate the lands adjacent to the castle, prepare positions for storming the castle, or at least not give the castle defenders a break. Siege: To prevent escapes or attacks from the enemy's castle, the besieging army took up positions around the castle. Nearby farms and villages were captured by the besieging troops. Patrols were posted everywhere so that they could quickly bring information about the approach of an enemy army and to obtain food. The watch leaders examined the situation and decided what to do: either simply besiege the castle, or actively prepare for a massive assault. If they were going to take the castle by starvation, then they did not attack the castle, but allowed the defenders to starve, preventing food wagons and reinforcements from approaching the castle.

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Siege equipment: Siege equipment was used to overcome the walls and other fortifications of the castle. Having broken through the castle's fortifications with the help of siege equipment, the entire might of the attacking army comes face to face with a small garrison of defenders. Most siege equipment is designed specifically to crush or break through walls. In addition to the usual ladder, siege equipment was most often used during the Middle Ages. Siege weapons consisted of large catapults - trebuchets*, ballistas**, siege towers, massive rams and large shields to cover people. As soon as a breach was made in the wall or the siege tower was brought into place, detachments of brave volunteer soldiers began the assault. These groups of volunteers are known in history as "suicide squads," since almost all of them died in battle with the defenders of the fortress. But those few who managed to survive received the highest rewards in the form of promotions, titles and loot. Slide 21

The model of my castle was made by me with the help of my dad based on the “Medieval Stone Fortress” constructor and supplemented homemade structures and toy warriors. The castle has the main tower - the donjon, surrounded by walls and towers with loopholes. The tower with the main gate is protected by a portcullis and a drawbridge over the moat. Inside the castle there are outbuildings - a warehouse and a stable under a canopy. Outside the castle is the first line of defense - a palisade with a small gate and a wooden watchtower, connected to the castle by an easily destructible bridge. Natural obstacle: the castle is located on a hill and is surrounded by a moat with water. The castle was captured at the moment of the assault. The attackers use siege engines and devices - a battering ram, ladders, mobile shields, a large siege tower with a bridge. The defenders of the castle defend from the walls, towers and palisades with the help of throwing and bladed weapons. A detachment is moving along the bridge to make a sortie. Among the defenders and attackers there are mounted warriors. The soldier figures are hand painted.

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After carrying out the work, I found out that the reason for the appearance of castles in Europe was the establishment and consolidation of the control of feudal lords over the subject territory. As the strength of Viking raids waned, castles were used to secure more aggressive purposes, particularly as a base and support in numerous feudal feuds. After I examined the various defensive structures of the fortresses, I realized that by their design the castles were fully prepared for long-term defense and repelling assaults. When my dad and I made a model of a medieval fortress, I really saw the defensive structures of the fortress and realized how important they were during long-term defense and repelling assaults. I concluded that in the Middle Ages the defensive value of castles was very great, although with the advent of cannons it lost its significance.

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LITERATURE

1.Edited by E. Laviss and A. Rambo “The Age of the Crusades”, Polygon, St. Petersburg 2003. 2.E.A. Razin “History of Military Art”, Polygon, St. Petersburg 1999. 3.N.I. Ionin “100 Great Castles”, Veche, Moscow, 2004. 4.L. Funken and F. Funken “Encyclopedia of weapons and military costume of the MIDDLE AGES”, Astrel, Moscow 2002.

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Topic: Medieval castles

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Purpose: to consider the defensive value of medieval castles. Objectives: 1. Consider the reasons for the appearance of castles in Europe. 2. Consider the various defensive structures of the fortress in terms of their intended purpose. 3.Build a model of a medieval fortress. (Recreate a model of a medieval fortress using a constructor.)

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Plan. 1. Introduction. 2. The appearance of castles in Europe. 3. Defense of castles. 4. Conquest of castles. 5. Model of a medieval castle. 6. Conclusion. 7. Literature.

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The emergence of castles in Europe Starting from the 9th century, local leaders began to build fortifications in the form of castles. The first castles were of simple construction and design, but later they evolved into powerful and beautiful stone structures. The reason for building castles was to protect the territory from barbarians, but the real reason was to consolidate their control over the subject territory. This was possible due to the fact that in Europe at that time there was no unified defense strategy and there was no strong centralized power. An example of the construction of castles in Europe is the French province of Poiteau. There were only three castles there before the Viking raids in the 9th century and 39 castles in the 11th century. Similar processes occurred throughout Europe. Castles could be built very quickly. Before the advent of cannons, castle defenders had a huge advantage over those who stormed castles. But the widespread distribution of castles and the creation of huge armies for their defense did not lead to truces between the warring parties, but, on the contrary, inflamed the wars even more.

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Defense of Castles The main principle of castle defense was to increase the losses of the attacking enemy while simultaneously reducing the negative consequences for the defenders. A well-built castle could be effectively defended by even a small army and held for a very long time. Strong defenses allowed the castle's defenders to hold off an assault or siege until reinforcements arrived or the attacking troops were forced to retreat due to food shortages, disease, or casualties. Fortress: A fortress is a small castle, often part of a larger castle complex. This is a heavily fortified building that often served as the residence of the castle owner. If the enemy captured the outer walls of the castle, the defenders could retreat into the fortress and continue to defend themselves. Many castles grew from fortresses, which were the initial fortified points. Over time, the castles expanded and the old outer walls of the castles became the outer defense of the fortress.

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Shutters: In addition to performing protective functions, they protected archers or crossbowmen from being blinded by the sun and from the views of the enemy, who could be viewed completely calmly.

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Conquest of Castles The conquest and defense of castles was a major military activity in the Late Middle Ages. At that time, cities grew and developed rapidly and were of great strategic importance. A well-fortified castle city could be defended and held by a small, well-armed detachment of warriors, but to capture such a fortress would require much more military force. The attackers had to have a large enough army to capture and subjugate the lands adjacent to the castle, prepare positions for storming the castle, or at least not give the castle defenders a break. Siege: To prevent escapes or attacks from the enemy's castle, the besieging army took up positions around the castle. Nearby farms and villages were captured by the besieging troops. Patrols were posted everywhere so that they could quickly bring information about the approach of an enemy army and to obtain food. The watch leaders examined the situation and decided what to do: either simply besiege the castle, or actively prepare for a massive assault. If they were going to take the castle by starvation, then they did not attack the castle, but allowed the defenders to starve, preventing food wagons and reinforcements from approaching the castle.

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Until the last moment of the assault, the warriors will shoot at the castle wall to prevent the defenders from preparing for the assault from the siege tower. If the first group of attackers from the tower manages to get onto the wall, then behind it a stream of armed warriors will pour across the bridge to finally capture the castle.