Concepts of society and system, social connections, social interaction, social relationships. Social connections and social interaction What is social connection social interaction

Social connection is a set of conscious or unconscious, necessary and accidental, stable and spontaneous dependencies of some social subjects from others. To the greatest extent, social connections are manifested in various types of adaptive behavior of people, taking into account the norms and values recognized by the group. High degree manifestations of social connections are activities undertaken by people taking into account the needs of others, especially when they do not correspond to the personal interests of the acting people.

Now we will move on to further analysis and raise questions about what happens between people, between individuals, how connections and dependencies arise between them, how associations appear that unite people into stable communities. Communicating with peers, relatives, acquaintances, and random fellow travelers, each person carries out certain social interactions.

Spatial contact- this is the initial and necessary link in the formation of social relationships. Knowing where people are and how many there are, and even more so observing them visually, a person can choose an object for further development relationships based on your needs and interests.

Contacts can be:

v transient or persistent depending on their frequency and duration;

v personal and material;

v direct and indirect.

In the process of social interaction the following is produced:

ü perception each other's people;

ü mutual evaluation each other;

ü joint action - cooperation, competition, conflict, etc.

Let us define social interaction: social interaction is a system of socially conditioned individual and/or group actions connected by mutual causal dependence, in which the behavior of one of the participants is both a stimulus and a reaction to the behavior of the others.

There are four main signs of interaction:

1) Objectivity– the presence of a goal, reason, object, etc. external to the interacting individuals or groups, which encourages them to interact;

2) Situational- fairly strict regulation of interaction with the specific conditions of the situation in which this process takes place: the behavior of friends at work, in the theater, at the stadium, at a country picnic is significantly different;

3) Explication– accessibility for an outside observer of the external expression of the interaction process, be it work in a factory, a game or dancing;

4) Reflective polysemy– the opportunity for interaction to be a manifestation of both basic subjective intentions and an unconscious or conscious consequence of the joint participation of people in inter-individual or group activities (for example, joint work).

The system plays a major role in the implementation of interactions mutual expectations, presented by individuals and social groups to each other before committing social actions. Such expectations may be episodic and uncertain in the case of short-term interactions, say, with a single date, a casual and non-repeating meeting, but they can also be stable in the case of frequently repeated or role-playing interactions.

If interaction is a bidirectional process of exchange of actions between two or more individuals, then action is just a unidirectional interaction. Action can be divided into four types:

1. physical action, for example: slap in the face, passing a book, writing on paper;

2. verbal or verbal action, for example: insult, greeting - “hello”;

3. gestures as a type of action: smile, raised finger, handshake;

4. mental action that is expressed only in inner speech.

Of the four types of action, the first three are external, and the fourth is internal. Examples that support each type of action correspond to M. Weber’s criteria for social action: they are meaningful, motivated, and other-oriented.

Social interaction is based on social statuses and roles. Hence the second typology of social interaction (by area):

The economic sphere, where individuals act as owners and wage-earners, entrepreneurs, rentiers, capitalists, businessmen, unemployed, housewives;

Professional area, where individuals participate as drivers, bankers, professors, miners, cooks;

The family-related sphere, where people act as fathers, mothers, sons, cousins, grandmothers, uncles, aunts, godfathers, brothers-in-arms, bachelors, widows, newlyweds;

The demographic sphere, including contacts between representatives of different genders, ages, nationalities and races (nationality is also included in the concept of interethnic interaction);

The political sphere where people confront or cooperate as representatives of political parties, popular fronts, social movements, and also as subjects state power: judges, police officers, jurors, diplomats, etc.;

The religious sphere implies contacts between representatives of different religions, the same religion, as well as believers and non-believers, if the content of their actions relates to the field of religion;

The territorial-settlement sphere - clashes, cooperation, competition between locals and newcomers, urban and rural, temporarily and permanently living emigrants, immigrants and migrants.

Thus, the first typology of social interaction is based on types of action, the second - on status systems.

Any interaction is exchange. You can exchange anything: signs of attention, words, gestures, symbols, material objects. You probably won't find anything that couldn't serve as a medium of exchange. Thus, money, with which we usually associate the process of exchange, does not occupy the first place.

According to exchange theory George Homans (1910-1989), human behavior in currently determined by whether and how his actions were rewarded in the past. He came up with the following principles of exchange: 1) the higher an action is rewarded, the more often it is repeated; 2) if there was a reward in a certain situation in the past, people strive to create such a situation again; 3) the greater the reward, the more people are willing to expend effort to obtain it; 4) when a person’s needs are almost completely satisfied, he is less willing to make efforts to satisfy them. Social behavior is an exchange of activity, tangible or intangible, more or less rewarding or involving costs, between at least two persons. Subinstitutional behavior is real behavior in institutional structures, elementary social behavior is the actual behavior of people in direct contact with each other, where each directly and directly rewards or punishes the other.

Basic social behavior:

§ socially (orientation towards another person);

§ directly (face-to-face);

§ really (this is real behavior, not a norm of behavior);

§ presupposes social norms, which, however, cannot cover all situations of interaction (role and role performance).

Social interaction

Social interaction- a system of interdependent social actions connected by cyclical dependence, in which the action of one subject is both the cause and consequence of the response actions of other subjects. It is related to the concept of “social action”, which is the starting point for the formation of social connections. Social interaction as a way of implementing social connections and relationships presupposes the presence of at least two subjects, the interaction process itself, as well as the conditions and factors for its implementation. In the course of interaction, the formation and development of the individual, the social system, their change in the social structure of society, etc. take place.

Social interaction includes the transfer of an action from one social actor to another, the receipt and reaction to it in the form of a response action, as well as the resumption of actions of social actors. It has social meaning for the participants and involves the exchange of their actions in the future due to the presence in it of a special causality - social relationship. Social relations are formed in the process of interaction between people and are the result of their past interactions, which have acquired a stable social form. Social interactions, by contrast, are not “frozen.” social forms, but “living” social practices of people, which are conditioned, directed, structured, regulated by social relations, but are capable of influencing these social forms and changing them.

Social interaction is determined by the social statuses and roles of the individual and social groups. It has objective and subjective sides:

Objective side- factors independent of interacting ones, but influencing them.
Subjective side- the conscious attitude of individuals towards each other in the process of interaction, based on mutual expectations.

Classification of social interaction

Primary, secondary (ideological, religious, moral)
By number of participants: interaction of two people; one person and group of people; between two groups
Multinational
Between people of different incomes, etc.

Notes

See what “Social interaction” is in other dictionaries:- the process of direct or indirect influence of social objects on each other, in which the interacting parties are connected by a cyclical causal dependence. NE. as a type of connection represents the integration of actions, functional... The latest philosophical dictionary

Social interaction- interaction between two or more individuals, during which socially significant information is transmitted or actions aimed at another are carried out... Sociology: dictionary

Social interaction- Nouns ADDRESS/NT, sender/tel. A person or organization sending any correspondence (letters, telegrams, etc.). ADDRESS/T, recipient/tel. A person or organization receiving any correspondence... ... Dictionary of Russian synonyms

See what “Social interaction” is in other dictionaries:- the process of direct or indirect influence of social objects on each other, in which the interacting parties are connected by a cyclical causal dependence. S.V. as a type of communication represents the integration of actions,... ... Sociology: Encyclopedia

See what “Social interaction” is in other dictionaries:- See interaction... Explanatory dictionary of psychology

Social interaction- the process by which people act and react towards others... Dictionary-reference book for social work

SOCIAL INTERACTION- see SOCIAL INTERACTION… The latest philosophical dictionary

Social interaction- Social interaction “a way of implementing social connections and relationships in a system that presupposes the presence of at least two subjects, the interaction process itself, as well as the conditions and factors for its implementation. During the interaction, there is... ... Wikipedia

Social action- an action of a person (regardless of whether it is external or internal in nature, comes down to non-interference or patient acceptance), which, as assumed by the actor or actors meaning correlates with action... ... Wikipedia

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In all episodes of his life, a person is connected with other people. To satisfy his needs, a person must interact with other individuals and participate in joint activities. After a series of interactions with others, a person enters into certain relationships.

Social connections – This is a special type of contact between people. We can talk about the presence of a social connection when there are obvious three signs: 1) personal obligations of each group member to fulfill the norms common to the group and protect common values; 2) dependence of group members on each other, arising from general interest; 3) identification of the individual with the group.

Main elements The elements that make up a social connection are contacts. They can be spatial, psychological (interest), social (exchange).

Social relationships have various bases and many different shades, depending on personal qualities individuals. The formation of social connections occurs gradually, from simple to complex forms. The development of social connections leads to social interactions. Measuring the number and direction of social contacts allows us to determine the structure of social interactions and the nature of social relationships.

Social interaction(interaction) is a form of social communications; the process of communication between individuals, their influence and influence on each other. Social interaction consists of individual social actions. A large role in the implementation of interactions is played by the system of mutual expectations placed by individuals and social groups on each other before committing social actions.

Typology. Interactions can be either short-term, situational, or sustainable, repeated or even permanent. According to the types of actions, interactions can be physical, verbal, gestural. Social interaction based on status systems is typologized by spheres, since it includes communications of people in the economic, professional, family, demographic, political, religious, territorial and settlement spheres. The most common forms social interactions are cooperation (cooperation), rivalry (competition), conflict (clash).

As a result of repetition of one or another type of interaction, different types social relations between people.

Social relations – this is a certain stable system of connections and dependencies individuals, formed in the process of their repeated interactions with each other in the conditions of a given society; This is a set of forms of organizing the joint life of people. Social relationships are clearly divided in meaning and content, which depend on how the need for values and their possession are combined in interactions. Social relations are the stable element that unites people in society.

16. National-ethnic communities and relations

The ancient Greek word “ethnos” has about 10 meanings: people, crowd, tribe, mass, etc.

In ethnographic literature, “ethnicity” is usually understood as a stable community of people living, as a rule, in a separate territory, having their own unique culture, language, and self-awareness. In Soviet sociology and ethnography, it was traditionally believed that ethnic division is a type of social and ethnic groups are integral systems inextricably linked with socio-economic factors. Consequently, ethnicity is a social phenomenon.

There are two opposing approaches to understanding the essence of an ethnic group: natural-biological, sociocultural.

The origins of the first go back to mid-19th century, and its representatives belonged to the so-called racial-anthropological school in naturalistic sociology, which we mentioned in our previous lectures. Representatives of this direction Zh.A. de Gobineau, S. Ammon, J. Lyapouge believed that the ethnocultural diversity of humanity is due to genetic differences.

The specificity of the sociological approach to the study of ethnic groups lies primarily in the fact that, unlike ethnography, which has a clearly defined historical and descriptive nature, in sociology ethnic communities are considered as elements social structure society, in close relationship with other social groups - classes, strata, territorial communities and various social institutions.

1) What is religion in the broad and narrow sense of the word? Is it possible, in your opinion, to give a definition of it that would equally suit both believers and people?

atheists? Why?

2) Describe the role of religion in the life of a person, society, and state. What is the moral force of religion?

3) What is a world religion? What is the essence of the debate about the number of world religions? What do you think are the criteria used by those experts who name more than three world religions?

4) What role have world religions played and are playing in the history of mankind?

5) What role does the religious factor play in modern conflicts? Can we say that often it is only a pretext for starting an armed confrontation?

Please check your understanding of the problem and theoretical argumentation, and also help with the arguments) What is society? Talking about

To this problem, Emile Durkheim says: “Society is not a simple sum of individuals, but a system formed by their association.”

This statement by Emile Durkheim means that society is a systematized, natural community of people, and not just a sum of individuals.

From textbooks we all know that society is a part of the material world isolated from nature, which includes ways of interaction between people. This is a kind of integrity of people that has a collective character. However, is society necessarily systematized?

I think so: initially people existed outside of society, united in small groups, just like animals. However, in the process of anthroposociogenesis, man became a social being. Societies were formed: first they were tribes, then peoples and nations. In them a person has a set social roles, defining his place (son, student, Russian, and so on). Society, gradually becoming more complex, was divided into strata, classes, spheres, which are also divided within themselves. All this together forms a complex dynamic logical system - society.

1. What is the spiritual life of society? What components does it include?

2. What is culture? Tell us about the origin of this concept.

3. How do traditions and innovation interact in culture?

4. Describe the main functions of culture. Using the example of one of the cultural phenomena, reveal its functions in society.

5. What “cultures within a culture” do you know? Describe a situation in which the interaction of several cultures would appear.

6. What is dialogue of cultures? Give examples of interaction and
interpenetration of various national cultures using knowledge,
received in history and geography courses.

7. What is the internationalization of culture related to? What are her problems?

8. Describe manifestations of folk culture.

9. What is mass culture? Tell us about its signs.

10. What is the role of funds mass media V modern society?
What problems and threats may be associated with their spread?

11. What is elite culture? How does its dialogue with the masses take place?

society political power social

System analysis of social life

Throughout the history of sociology, one of its most important problems has been the problem: what is society? Sociology of all times and peoples has tried to answer the questions: how is the existence of society possible? What are the mechanisms social integration, providing social order, despite the huge diversity of interests of individuals and social groups? Consideration of this problem is our task in this topic.

Let's start with how sociology interprets the concept of “society”. E. Durkheim viewed society as a supra-individual spiritual reality based on collective ideas. According to M. Weber, society is the interaction of people, which is the product of social, that is, actions oriented towards other people. The prominent American sociologist T. Parsons defined society as a system of relations between people, the connecting principle of which is norms and values. From the point of view of K. Marx, society is a historically developing set of relations between people that develop in the process of their joint activities.

It is obvious that in all these definitions, to one degree or another, an approach to society is expressed as an integral system of elements that are in a state of close interconnection. This approach to society is called systemic. The main task systematic approach in the study of society is to combine various knowledge about society into a coherent system that could become a theory of society.

Let's consider the basic principles of a systematic approach to society. To do this, it is necessary to define basic concepts. System- this is a certain ordered set of elements that are interconnected and form some kind of integral unity. The internal nature, the content side of any integral system, the material basis of its organization are determined by the composition, the set of elements.

A social system is a holistic formation, the main element of which is people, their connections, interactions and relationships.

Social connection These connections, interactions and relationships are sustainable and are reproduced in the historical process, passing from generation to generation. is a set of facts that determine joint activities in specific communities at specific times to achieve certain goals. Social connections are established not at the whim of people, but objectively. The establishment of these connections is dictated in which individuals live and act. The essence of social connections is manifested in the content and nature of the actions of the people who make up a given social community. Sociologists highlight connections of interaction, relationships, control, institutional, etc.

Social interaction is a process in which people act and experience influence on each other. The mechanism of social interaction includes individuals performing certain actions, changes in the social community or society as a whole caused by these actions, the impact of these changes on other individuals making up the social community, and, finally, the reverse reaction of individuals. Interaction leads to the formation of new social relationships. Social relations-- these are relatively stable and independent connections between individuals and social groups.

So, society consists of many individuals, their social connections, interactions and relationships. But can society be considered as simple sum individuals, their connections, interactions and relationships? Proponents of a systematic approach to the analysis of society answer: “No.” From their point of view, society is not a summative, but an integral system. This means that at the level of society, individual actions, connections and relationships form a new, systemic quality. System quality- this is a special qualitative state that cannot be considered as a simple sum of elements. Public interactions and relationships are supra-individual, transpersonal in nature, that is, society is some independent substance that is primary in relation to individuals. Each individual, when born, finds a certain structure of connections and relationships and, in the process of socialization, is included in it. How is this integrity, that is, systemic quality, achieved?

A holistic system is characterized by many connections, interactions and relationships. The most characteristic are correlative connections, interactions and relationships, including coordination and subordination of elements. Coordination-- this is a certain consistency of elements, the special nature of their mutual dependence, which ensures the preservation of the entire system. Subordination - this is subordination and subordination, indicating a special specific place, the unequal significance of elements in the whole system.

So, as a result, society becomes whole system with qualities that none of the elements included in it have separately. Due to its integral qualities social system acquires a certain independence in relation to its constituent elements, a relatively independent way of its development.