Information Bureau at the Main Directorate for Press Affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire: structure and organization of activities. From the history of interaction between the state and the periodical press in Russia: Information Bureau under the Main Directorate for Press Affairs of the Ministry of Defense

MAIN DIRECTORATE FOR PRESS AFFAIRS (GUDP), the central institution within the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire, which led censorship in 1865-1917. Formed in connection with the transfer of censorship from the Ministry of Public Education to the Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1863 (in 1863-65, the functions of the Main Directorate of Public Administration were performed by the Council of the Minister of Internal Affairs for Printing Affairs). It acted on the basis of the Temporary Rules on the Press of 1865, then - the Temporary Rules on the Press of 1905-06. Local bodies and officials of the GUDP were censorship committees (since 1906 press affairs committees) and individual censors (since 1906 press inspectors). The management of foreign censorship was carried out by the Committee (since 1894 Central) subordinate to the GUDP of foreign censorship in St. Petersburg, individual censors, as well as local committees in Odessa (until 1909) and Riga (until 1915). In matters of censorship, the GUDP were also subordinate to those vice-governors who, due to the absence of local GUDP bodies in the province, since 1881, themselves carried out censorship functions. Under the head of the GUDP there was a Council (advisory body), which included the chairmen of the censorship committees “available” in St. Petersburg and permanent members appointed by the emperor. The GUDP carried out censorship of periodicals and book products, considered petitions for the establishment of establishments selling printing equipment, new periodical press organs, printing houses, etc., supervised them and the book trade, imposed administrative penalties or initiated legal proceedings against violators of censorship legislation, introduced a ban on the circulation of certain books in public libraries.

In 1906, the GUDP was divided into 5 departments, 4 of them were in charge of censorship in the territory of individual districts of the judicial chambers: 1st - the St. Petersburg Chamber (also carried out cases for all government publications); 2nd - Kyiv, Moscow, Novocherkassk, Odessa and Kharkov Chambers; 3rd - Irkutsk, Kazan, Omsk, Saratov, Tashkent and Tiflis chambers; 4th - Warsaw and Vilna Chambers (also developed legislation on the press). At the same time, an Information Bureau (since 1915, the Press Bureau) was created as part of the Main Directorate of Political Affairs, which provided periodicals with information about the intentions and actions of the government, state bodies and officials that were subject to publication, and also checked some rumors and messages published in the press. The Bureau compiled a selection of notes and articles that were subject to an urgent report to the Chairman of the Council of Ministers, the Minister of Internal Affairs and the Head of the Main Directorate of State Administration or the next report to all heads of ministries, departments and departments, and drafted official explanations and refutations. In 1907, the GUDP began publishing the bibliographic journal “Book Chronicle,” which, along with information about new books, contained lists of books withdrawn from sale, lists of decisions on the destruction of publications, etc. In 1908, an Economic Committee was formed within the GUDP, who, among other things, headed the editorial offices of the newspapers “Government Gazette” and “Rural Gazette”. In connection with the introduction of military censorship on 20.7 (2.8). 1914, immediately after the outbreak of World War I, all military censors who carried out tasks of the Main Military Censorship Commission under the Main Directorate of the General Staff and local military officers were subordinated to the Petrograd Committee for Press Affairs of the Main Directorate of Political Affairs. censorship commissions at the headquarters of military districts. The GUDP was abolished after the February Revolution of 1917 in connection with the complete abolition of censorship; the Russian Book Chamber was created to monitor the press and record publications. In the RSFSR in 1919-22, the functions of censorship were carried out by the State Publishing House, in the USSR - by the Main Directorate for Literature and Publishing.

Heads of the GUDP: M. P. Shcherbinin (1865-66), M. N. Pokhvisnev (1866-70), M. R. Shidlovsky (1870-71), M. N. Longinov (1871-75), V. V. Grigoriev (1875-1880), N. S. Abaza (1880-81), P. P. Vyazemsky (1881-83), E. M. Feoktistov (1883-96), M. P. Solovyov (1896-99) ), N.V. Shakhovskaya (1900-02), N.A. Zverev (1902-05), A.V. Bellegarde (1905-1912), S.S. Tatishchev (1912-15), A.A. Katenin (1915, 1917), V. T. Sudeikin (1915-16), V. A. Udintsev (1916-17).

Lit.: Chernukha V. G. Main Directorate for Press Affairs in 1865-1881 // Book business in Russia in the 2nd half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. St. Petersburg, 1992. Issue. 6; Patrusheva N. G. History of censorship institutions in Russia in the 2nd half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. // Ibid. St. Petersburg, 2000. Issue. 10.

The article is devoted to the organization of the activities of the Information Bureau under the Main Directorate for Press Affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire (1906-1917), the main task of which was to serve official press bodies and officials with reliable information concerning the activities of government and administrative persons and institutions.

Keywords: Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire, Main Directorate for Press Affairs, Information Bureau, censorship, news agencies

Introduction

Despite the fact that the tradition of purposefully influencing public opinion in order to promote certain ideas in society and form a certain image of power has deep roots in Russian history, in the second half of the 19th century. it has undergone certain changes. An important role in the propaganda and popularization of the reforms carried out during the reign of Emperor Alexander II was assigned to the press. It is no coincidence that one of the important innovations was the reform of the press. It abolished the traditional preliminary censorship for our country, replacing it with judicial liability of publishers in case of violation of existing regulations established by the laws of the Russian Empire. By the decree of April 6, 1865 “On the granting of certain reliefs and conveniences to the domestic press,” supervision of press organs, exempt from preliminary censorship, was transferred from the Main Directorate of Censorship of the Ministry of Public Education to the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. To implement this function, the Main Directorate for Press Affairs is created in the Ministry of Internal Affairs system.

Organization and work of the Main Directorate for Press Affairs

A special instruction issued by the Ministry of Internal Affairs specified the operating procedure of this body. All publications exempt from preliminary censorship, after printing the circulation, had to be submitted to the Main Directorate for Press Affairs and could be freely distributed only on the third day after that. During these days, the publication was reviewed by a censor, who, having discovered a violation of censorship rules, drew up a report about it, and it was then transferred to the Council of the Main Press Directorate. At the same time, an order was given to suspend the publication of this publication or to arrest the circulation. The actions of the censor were controlled by a “supervisory” member of the Main Directorate Council. He also compiled general reports on the direction of this or that publication. In case of systematic violation of censorship rules, the specified member of the Council was obliged to notify the Council in writing, which made a decision to suspend or terminate the publication, notifying the censor about this. The Council of the Main Directorate for Press Affairs also supervised the activities of local censorship committees and individual censors, examined complaints about their actions, collected information about all printing houses operating in the empire and their compliance with censorship rules 1 . The staff of the Main Directorate for Press Affairs was determined to be 16 people, occupying positions from censor to chief clerk. In addition, from among the regular positions, 10 officials were assigned to the department on special assignments 2 .

The tasks of this department also included compiling periodic reviews of the Russian press for Emperor Alexander II (Grinchenko, Patrusheva, 2008: 187). The reviews were compiled by two special officials of the Main Directorate and delivered to the king daily. On average, as a rule, these were two or three sheets of brief annotations of general trends in press coverage of socially significant issues, accompanied by clippings from newspapers and magazines. The materials for them were exclusively timely publications published in Russia. This innovation clearly demonstrates the growing importance that the authorities began to attach to their image in public opinion from the second half of the 19th century.

However, this interest for the time being materialized in passive forms. By the beginning of the twentieth century. The circle of addressees of such analytical notes has been expanded. In addition to the person of the emperor, ministers and heads of a number of the most important departments of the empire became their readers. In fairness, it should be noted that criticism was often heard against the compilers of these analytical notes, and starting from the 70s. XIX century Repeated attempts were made to improve the work of the Main Directorate for Press Affairs specifically in terms of improving analytical work with domestic newspapers and magazines. However, things did not come to the practical implementation of these plans 3.

The situation changed with the publication of the Manifesto on October 17, 1905, “On the Improvement of State Order,” which, among other things, granted freedom of the press. This contributed to an unprecedented revival of socio-political life. The number of published newspapers and magazines increased significantly, many of them were quite opposed to the actions of the government. A characteristic feature of that time was the increase in satirical newspapers and magazines containing political satire and revolutionary propaganda.

The Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and many other interested departments, seriously considered the activities of many newspapers and magazines as an important reason for the growth of the revolutionary movement in the country 4 and attempted to use administrative measures to influence the nature of the materials published in them. In the Police Department, for example, the functions of the fourth office work include the preparation of responses and certificates to requests from the Main Press Directorate about the reliability of certain editors and founders of new press organs 5 . In addition to this, on September 1, 1906, by order of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers and Minister of Internal Affairs P.A. Stolypin, a special Information Bureau was formed under the Main Directorate for Press Affairs.

It is noteworthy that P.A. Stolypin defined the main task of the Bureau as providing “official, private time-based press organs with reliable, public information concerning the assumptions and actions of the government, government and administrative persons and institutions.” Materials for transmission to the press were “information received at the Bureau directly from officials and institutions.” Bureau employees were charged with the responsibility of “checking rumors and press reports” 6 . In a letter dated March 13, 1910, classified “secret”, the head of the Main Directorate for Press Affairs A.V. Bellegarde informs the employees of the Information Bureau that in all their actions they must be strictly guided by all the general requirements for persons in public service. Their duties are: 1) to facilitate, by all possible means, the delivery to the Information Bureau by government agencies of information and messages that will be recognized by these agencies as subject to publication; 2) in delivering to these institutions from the Information Bureau clippings from St. Petersburg newspapers with information that relates to these institutions and, due to their content, may require refutation or appropriate clarification through the Information Bureau” 7.

Thus, if previously the functions of censorship were determined by preventing the publication of a certain type of information that journalists obtained through their sources, as well as informing the emperor and the heads of the most important state institutions of the empire about the opinions expressed in the press on certain issues of public life, now to these To two tasks, a third was added: supplying the media with messages reflecting the official point of view on certain socially significant events or processes in the country and government actions. This circumstance significantly changed all subsequent practices of interaction between the government and the media.

According to the leadership of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, in the context of the legalization of political parties, public organizations, and the holding of elections to the State Duma, the government has an urgent need to disseminate “correct, factual data on all the most important issues and events, due to the recent appearance of a mass of capital and provincial newspapers distributing false information about events in Russia, and in order to avoid incorrect or tendentious interpretation of bills submitted by the government to the State Duma” 8.

The tasks set in this way determined the staffing and organizational structure of the newly created department, as well as the regulations for its work. The Information Bureau under the Main Directorate for Press Affairs included a press inspection department, a department serving departments, and a duty and technical unit. The working day of the press inspection department had to begin no later than 7 o'clock in the morning. The number of employees was determined by the number of metropolitan newspapers and “the amount of time for this.”

Early in the morning, the department provided clippings from the capital's newspapers to the chairman of the Council of Ministers, the Minister of Internal Affairs and the head of the Main Directorate for Press Affairs. At 10 o'clock in the morning, information gleaned from the press was delivered in the form of systematic clippings and comments on them. At 12 noon, this information with certain additions was delivered to all ministers and chief managers, their deputies, department directors and heads of departments.

From early morning, department employees looked through and analyzed the capital's leading socio-political newspapers: “Novoye Vremya”, “Rech”, “Den”, “Russian Rumor”, “Modern Word”, “Citizen”, “Russian Word”, “Morning of Russia” ", "Zemshchina" - a total of 50 metropolitan and 137 provincial newspapers, the latter being divided into publications of the first and second importance. The purpose of this “survey” was to identify the main trends in newspaper policy in relation to government bodies. Naturally, Bureau officials were primarily interested in so-called attacks on government structures and the interpretation of their activities (Kelner, 2011: 239-243).

Official instructions defined the tasks of the department. He acted to draw up reports to the government; informing departments; extraction of materials subject to examination by the department serving the departments; to take into account the significance and influence of the press itself - compiling characteristics of its groups (political and regional) and each newspaper (Letenkov, 1973: 80-88).

The number of newspapers surveyed was eventually expected to increase to three hundred. Judging by the documents, the work was structured as follows. Employees looked through incoming newspapers and made appropriate notes on them. It was a whole system of 25 characters. For example, in the printed organ of the party of constitutional democrats - the main opposition force in relation to the government - the newspaper Rech on January 17, 1913, 105 notes were made, of which 87 were for departments and 18 were review reports (Ambrosyev, 2011: 34).

The second department, serving departments, was responsible for compiling an archive of clippings from periodicals. The archive was divided into two parts - the official one, which contained materials relating to the activities of government and administrative bodies, and the unofficial one, which contained information that could be of socio-political interest in the future. Sending materials to the official part of the archive was the responsibility of the head of the Information Bureau, and they were sent to the unofficial part by order of the secretary of this department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

The responsibilities of the technical duty department included receiving requests and issuing certificates, registration, correspondence, making clippings, printing reviews and bulletins. Bureau employees were provided with “proper identification” signed by the head of the Bureau. The Information Bureau also supplied government agencies with subscription newspaper clippings on their stated topics. Special bulletins were issued twice a day to inform the editors of periodicals about government events and the desired coverage of various socio-political events, which were sent out by subscription (Grinchenko, Patrusheva, 2008: 203).

In 1914, the number of departments listed as subscribers to receive bulletins from the Information Bureau was 71. The most authoritative of them were the State Council, the Office of the Council of Ministers, the Office of the Administrator of His Majesty’s Viceroy in the Caucasus, the Alekseevsky Main Committee, the Special Committee for Strengthening the Fleet, the Morning , day and night Commissions of the State Duma, Committee for the celebration of the 300th anniversary of the prosperous reign of the House of Romanov, His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery, 1st and 2nd Departments of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and many others.

The Information Bureau also served high-ranking officials. Twice a day (at 8 a.m. and 12 at night) bulletins were sent out to the chairman of the Council of Ministers, the head of the Main Directorate for Press Affairs, members of the Council of Ministers and others. Once a day, bulletins were delivered specifically to the Minister of the Imperial Household, the Minister of Finance, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Synod, the Administrator of the Council of Ministers and many others. At one o'clock in the morning a night bulletin was issued. In addition, in case of an emergency release, one of the employees was on duty until three o’clock in the morning (Letenkov, 1982: 154-157).

Similar bulletins were printed and distributed in the editorial offices of newspapers and magazines by subscription for a fee of 30 rubles. per month for small circulation and 50 rubles. - for large-circulation newspapers. These bulletins consisted of two parts: the first part contained information that the Bureau officially recommended to the editors for publication, and the second included refutations and clarifications of information that had already been published.

It should be noted that, regardless of political and genre orientation, most of the major central and regional press organs were subscribers to these bulletins. In addition, ballots were sent to all governors, and through them they were transmitted to the right-wing press that had begun to emerge in different cities at that time with the assistance of the government, or at least were published in the “Provincial News” 9 . Thus, the Information Bureau of the Main Directorate for Press Affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs became an important tool in the “information struggle” waged by the government against opposition sentiments in society and the left-liberal press in the absence of preliminary censorship.

A rather interesting and generally little-studied aspect of the activities of the institution we are studying is the placement in the Government Bulletin of refutations of certain reports published in newspapers that did not correspond to reality. Since 1907, in the evening edition of this newspaper, the Bureau published messages that were summarized in the following headings: explanations of the Governing Senate, administrative news, army and navy, church and clergy, trade and industry, communications, judicial news, food affairs, finance and loans , resettlement affairs, agriculture, prison affairs, educational affairs, various news. An analysis of these refutations can become excellent factual material for an anthology of rumors about the activities of the official authorities of Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century.

The Information Bureau competed with other organizations also designed to supply mass periodicals with information: the St. Petersburg Telegraph Agency, the Bureau of Russian Journalists, the St. Petersburg Literary Information Bureau of E. Petzgold, and a number of departmental institutions. which also issued daily bulletins on government activities. A priori, due to its proximity to power structures, the Information Bureau was given a certain dominant character in this emerging system of Russian news agencies. Indeed, often it was the materials of the Information Bureau that served as sources for the news bulletins of the listed organizations. True, over time, a number of functions of information and analytical coverage of government activities were transferred to “competing” organizations. Thus, the publication of reports on meetings of the State Council and the State Duma, initially entrusted to the Information Bureau, was transferred to the St. Petersburg Telegraph Agency from January 1, 1913.

During its existence, the Information Bureau has changed its structure more than once, adapting to the demands of the time. But, of course, the most dramatic changes occurred in connection with Russia's entry into the First World War. The day after the start of the war, the “Temporary Regulations on Military Censorship”, previously developed by the General Staff for wartime conditions, were promulgated. It was mandatory in places of hostilities, areas declared under martial law, and could also be arbitrarily introduced in other areas by decision of the military authorities. Where military censorship was introduced, military censorship commissions were created. The positions of military censors appeared at the front headquarters. These censors were part of the military department, which, for obvious reasons, did not want to share its powers with the Ministry of the Interior. A special censor was also appointed at the Headquarters of the Supreme Command. His main task was to provide communication between the high command and the press. The demands of the leadership of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which was responsible for internal policy, including mobilization, also changed and increased. Under these conditions, the role of the Information Bureau under the Main Directorate for Press Affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs had to change (Zhirkov, 2001: 219-220).

On September 15, 1914, signed by the head of the Information Bureau, an order regulating the changes that had taken place appeared. An important and characteristic remark in this order was that “the center of gravity of the review of the press, including the provincial one, was to be transferred to the political part at the expense of the business part” (Letenkov, 1982: 245). This obviously meant that in the conditions of the patriotic upsurge that gripped the country in the first weeks of the war, the illusion of a finally achieved “unity of power and people” arose. The opposition in the State Duma, with the exception of the Social Democratic faction, stopped criticizing the government in the press. Nevertheless, the government needed to constantly survey public sentiment. The order proposed to immediately “introduce a system of careful reading (and not at all viewing, as peacetime documents prescribed - D.G.) of local newspapers, under the continuous supervision of the head of the department.”

At a meeting at the Ministry of Internal Affairs on October 8, 1914, in the presence of representatives of almost all ministries, the following procedure for informing the press by the Information Bureau was established: “firstly, through free official bulletins and, secondly, through also free inspiration (accreditation. - D.G. .) individual representatives of the press within the walls of the Information Bureau" (Polyanskaya, 1935: 603). In 1915, the Information Bureau was transformed into the Press Bureau. Compiling press reviews and serving departments with clippings remained his responsibility on the same basis, while informing the press began to occur not only through bulletins, but also through direct communication of information to newspaper representatives. In fact, it was then that press conferences in the modern sense of the word appeared in the practice of Russian journalism.

Conclusion

It is important to note that institutions similar to the Information Bureau existed not only in Russia. Similar institutions, due to similar circumstances, arose in other European countries. As rightly noted by A.V. Ambrosyev, “in Germany, for example, there was a Special Government Bureau that informed the press on various socio-political issues. A lot of money was spent on its maintenance; obviously, the role of this unit was high. It included representatives of all ministries” (Ambrosyev, 2011: 37).

In general, we can say that the creation and functioning of the Information Bureau under the Main Directorate of the Press under the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire was a completely natural and logical step in the development of the Russian censorship system towards a more flexible and comprehensive information support for government policy, dictated by the transformation of the Russian autocracy to the external forms of the bourgeois monarchy . And in this sense, the activities of the Information Bureau to some extent laid the foundations for the modern practice of interaction between the government and the media. Russia's entry into the First World War made obvious adjustments to this process, but did not interrupt it.

However, after the February Revolution of 1917, which proclaimed the independence and freedom of the press, the Main Directorate for Press Affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs was liquidated, and along with it the Press Bureau. As is known, the need to revive censorship was quickly recognized by the Soviet authorities after the October Revolution, having, for ideological and political reasons, refused to use the experience and personnel of the former tsarist Censorship, its heirs significantly archaized new censorship practices. As is known, on June 6, 1922, one of the first decrees of the established Soviet power was the establishment of Glavlit - a state body that, in essence, restored the traditions of preliminary control over the Russian periodical press in much more traditionalist, repressive forms than was done in the Russian Empire in beginning of the twentieth century

Notes

1 RGIA. F. 776. Op. 4. D. 195. L. 89-91.

2 RGIA. F. 776. Op. 20. D. 1441 vol.

3 For more information about these projects, see: (Patrusheva, 2011: 147-151).

4 See about this: (Peregudova, 2000: 78-83).

5 Ibid. P. 54.

6 Quoted. from: (Ambrosyev, 2011: 32).

7 Ibid. P. 33.

8 RGIA. F. 776. Op. 34. D. 18. L. 19.

9 See: Belgard A.V. Memories. M., 2009. P. 299.

Bibliography

Ambrosyev A.V. Information Bureau at the Main Directorate for Press Affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire: structure and organization of activities // History of State and Law. 2011. No. 17.

Belgard A.V. Memories. M., 2009.

Grinchenko N.A., Patrusheva N.G. Central institutions of the censorship department (1808-1917) // Book business in Russia in the 19th - early 20th centuries: Collection of scientific works. Vol. 14. St. Petersburg, 2008.

Zhirkov G. History of censorship in Russia in the 19th-20th centuries. M., 2001.

Kellner V.E. Creation and activities of the Information Bureau under the Main Directorate for Press Affairs: 1906-1917. // Censorship in Russia: history and modernity: Collection of scientific works. Vol. 5. St. Petersburg, 2011.

Letenkov E.V. On the history of government information centers in Russia // Vestn. Leningr. un-ta. Ser. "History, language, literature." 1973. Issue. 4. No. 20.

Letenkov E.V. Press and capitalism in Russia at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries: economic and social aspects of the capitalization of the press: Diss. . doc. ist. Sci. L., 1982.

Patrusheva N.G. Main Directorate for Press Affairs (1865-1917) and projects for its reform // Historical, philosophical, political and legal sciences, cultural studies and art history. Questions of theory and practice. Tambov, 2011. No. 8 (14). Part 3.

Peregudova Z.V. Political investigation of Russia 1880-1917. M., 2000.

Polyanskaya L.I. Archival fund of the Main Directorate for Press Affairs: Review // Lit. inheritance. M., 1935. T. 22-24.

Fund number:

Name

MAIN DIRECTORATE FOR PRESS AFFAIRS of the Ministry of Internal Affairs

Historical reference

Established on April 6, 1865 to manage censorship and press affairs. When established, its functions included: monitoring the actions of local press committees, press inspectors, censors of dramatic works, as well as establishing foreign censorship; resolving misunderstandings and questions; handling complaints, monitoring press works and reporting prosecutions; conducting business on the opening of printing houses, lithographs, metallography and establishments that produced and sold embossing accessories; supervision of these institutions and of the book trade.
Initially, the distribution of activities among officials was in charge of the head of the Main Directorate for Press Affairs.
After the abolition of the preliminary censorship of time-based (November 21, 1905, March 18, 1906) and non-time-based press (April 26, 1906), the functions of the Main Directorate for Press Affairs were distributed among 5 departments: the 1st department handled affairs of periodical press organs and according to books published in St. Petersburg and Moscow, in the district of the St. Petersburg Judicial Chamber; as well as paperwork for all government publications; The 2nd department was in charge of cases of newspapers and books in the districts of the Moscow, Kyiv, Odessa, Kharkov and Novocherkassk judicial chambers; The 3rd department dealt with the affairs of periodical press organs and books published in the districts of the Saratov, Kazan, Tiflis, Tashkent, Irkutsk and Omsk judicial chambers; The 4th department developed Press Legislation; drafted circular clarifications; conducted cases of foreign censorship; cases of books and newspapers in the districts of the Warsaw and Vilna judicial chambers; The 5th Department was in charge of the personnel of the Directorate and censorship institutions; counting part; library; affairs of printing houses, lithographs, metallographs and book trade. The Economic Committee (since October 30, 1908) considered all proposals relating to the economic part of the department and the reporting part; was in charge of the affairs of the printing house of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the editorial offices of the newspapers “Governmental Gazette” and “Selsky Vestnik”. Information Bureau (since August 26, 1906, since 1915 - Press Bureau) - served official and private press organs with reliable, public information concerning the assumptions of actions and activities of the government, government and administrative persons and institutions; as well as “the most important facts of social and political life in Russia and abroad.” Bureau employees were also responsible for checking rumors and press reports. Department of Foreign and “Alien” Press (transferred from the Police Department in August 1906). The departmental services and information department compiled collections of newspaper clippings for reports to ministers, chief executives, department directors and heads of departments; drafted messages, clarifications and refutations; and was also involved in the creation of a “reference guide and information” archive; the technical unit carried out duty duties, issued bulletins, received requests and issued certificates; and also was in charge of registration, correspondence, production of clippings, printed reviews and newsletters, and telephone service. Military censorship (since July 20, 1914) ensured that military information that constituted a military secret did not leak into the press. Military censors were subordinate to the Petrograd Committee for Press Affairs, carried out tasks of the Main Military Censorship Commission under the Main Directorate of the General Staff and local military censorship commissions at military district headquarters.
A special commission for the liquidation of the Main Directorate for Press Affairs existed from April 27 to September 16, 1917. After the abolition of the Main Directorate for Press Affairs, a new body of censor control was established - the Book Chamber. The implementation of local censorship was entrusted to provincial and district commissars. On November 30, 1917, the Book Chamber was included in the People's Commissariat for Education.
After June 1, 1918, the fund became part of the EGAF.

annotation

Reports of the Minister of the Interior on the main administration for 1865–1917. (op. 1).
Journals of meetings of the General Administration Council for 1865–1905. (op. 2).
Headquarters reports; cases on the examination of books and manuscripts, permission and prohibition of manuscripts for printing and distribution of books, arrest of publications, prohibition of their republication; on the consideration of foreign publications, sheet music and reproductions of paintings; about the publication of newspapers and magazines, monitoring them and various censorship repressions against them; about editors and publishers; on the opening of bookstores, printing houses, lithographs and the supervision of them; on the opening of libraries and reading rooms and the supervision of them for 1868–1870. (op. 4).
Cases about the publication of newspapers and magazines in Russia (since 1878 only in St. Petersburg and Moscow), monitoring them and various censorship repressions against them; about editors and publishers - materials of the first department for 1871–1875. (op. 5), 1876–1880 (op. 6).
Reports of the main department, censorship committees and individual censors - materials of the II department for 1871–1879. (op. 11).
Cases on the examination of books and manuscripts, permission and prohibition of manuscripts for printing and distribution of books; arrest of publications; exclusion and change of part of the text in manuscripts, destruction of publications, consideration of foreign publications; about the publication of newspapers and magazines (since 1878) in different cities (with the exception of St. Petersburg and Moscow), monitoring them and various censorship repressions against them; about editors and publishers; opening of libraries and reading rooms, bookstores, printing houses, lithographs and supervision of them - materials of the II department for 1871–1879. (op. 11), 1880–1897 (op. 12), 1898–1900 (op. 13), 1901–1904 (op. 14), 1905 (op. 15); materials of the III department for 1878–1895. (op. 20), for 1896–1905. (since 1898 - with the exception of reports and files on libraries, reading rooms, bookselling, printing houses) (op. 21, part 1).
Reports of censorship committees and individual censors - materials of the III department for 1878–1895. (op. 20), for 1896–1905. (since 1898 - with the exception of reports and files on libraries, reading rooms, bookselling, printing houses) (op. 21, part 1).
Cases regarding the examination of books and manuscripts and the initiation of legal proceedings against authors, publishers, and owners of printing houses; seizing books and destroying them; upon requests from various institutions for permission to distribute publications; about the publication of newspapers and magazines, monitoring them and various censorship repressions against them; about editors and publishers; reports on periodical and non-periodical press - materials of departments I–III: for the district of the St. Petersburg Court Chamber for 1906–1911. (op. 9), 1912–1917 (op. 10); by districts of the Moscow, Kyiv, Odessa, Kharkov and Novocherkassk judicial chambers for 1906–1908. (op. 16, part 1), 1909–1910 (op. 16, part 2), 1911–1917 (op. 17); by districts of Saratov, Kazan, Tiflis and Tashkent, Irkutsk and Omsk for 1906–1917 (op. 21, part 2), Vilna and Warsaw judicial chambers for 1898–1917. (op. 22).
Cases on consideration of foreign publications - materials of the IV department for 1898–1917. (op. 22);
Cases on the opening of libraries, reading rooms, bookstores, printing houses, lithographs and photographs and the supervision of them - materials of the II department for 1871–1879. (op. 11), 1880–1897 (op. 12), 1898–1900 (op. 13), 1901–1904 (op. 14), 1905 (op. 15); materials of the III department for 1878–1895. (op. 20), for 1896–1898 (op. 21, part 1); materials of the IV and V departments for 1898–1917. (op. 22, 23).
Cases on the censor service for 1865–1867. (op. 3), 1868–1870 (op 4), for 1871–1879. (op. 11), 1878–1895 (op. 20), 1880–1897 (op. 12), 1898–1900 (op. 13), 1901–1904 (op. 14), 1905 (op. 15), 1896–1905 (op. 21, part 2, 22), for 1906–1917 (op. 23)
Cases of the Accounting and Financial Department for 1909–1917. (op. 24).
Cases on dramatic censorship: on the consideration of dramatic works and opera librettos; permission and prohibition of their presentation on stage, exclusion and change of part of the text in them; about folk and provincial theaters, entertainment establishments for 1865–1917. (op. 25).
Reports from censors on the plays and librettos of operas reviewed; alphabetical lists of dramatic works; circulars on dramatic censorship for 1865–1917. (op. 26).
Manuscripts of dramatic works for 1884–1912. (op. 27).
Materials of the Commission for the revision of existing regulations on censorship and the press for 1868–1871. (op. 28).
Reports from inspectors of printing houses and other printing establishments on the condition of these establishments; inspectors' reports on the state of the book trade, public libraries and reading rooms; inventory of the property of printing houses for 1865–1915. (op. 29).
Materials of the library of non-periodical publications: correspondence about the receipt by the main department and distribution of legal copies of non-periodical publications to the relevant institutions; lists of non-periodical publications submitted to the main department for 1822–1916. (op. 30).
Materials from the library of periodicals: correspondence about the organization of the library, about the delivery of periodicals from different provinces; registration cards of periodicals containing information about the time of issue of publication permission certificates, the date of publication of the first issue, the names of the editor and publisher, and repressions against the publication for 1906–1916. (op. 31).
Materials of the Information Bureau and the Department of Foreign and Foreign Press for 1901–1917. (op. 32).
Cases on government periodicals: “Moskovskie Vedomosti”, “Petersburg Vedomosti”, “Government Bulletin”, on periodicals that received government subsidies, on expenses for the Information Bureau and its personnel for 1881–1917. (op. 33).
Clippings from the newspaper “Government Gazette” with information and orders on press matters; Circulars on press issues for 1879–1916. (op. 34).
Desk registers 1881–1917. (op. 36).
Journals of incoming and outgoing papers for 1865–1917. (op. 37).
Materials of the Special Commission for the liquidation of the Main Directorate for Press Affairs for 1917 (op. 38).

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"Main Directorate for Press Affairs" in books

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From the book Notes. From the history of the Russian foreign policy department, 1914–1920. Book 1. author Mikhailovsky Georgy Nikolaevich

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From the book Podbelsky author Racine Boris Isaakovich

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From the book In Search of Christian Freedom by Franz Raymond

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