Object The study of logistics is end-to-end MP, service flows and accompanying financial and information flows.

Subject The study of logistics is the optimization of MP, service flows and accompanying financial and information flows.

There are so-called " six rules of logistics", which describe the final target logistics management:
1. Cargo- the right product.
2. Quality– required quality.
3. Quantity- in the required quantity.
4. Time– must be delivered at the right time.
5. Place- to the right place.
6. Expenses- with minimal costs.

The tasks of logistics are very diverse and are determined by the above ultimate goal of logistics management. Their classification and examples are given in Table 3.1.

Logistic function- this is an enlarged group of LOs, homogeneous in terms of the purpose of these operations and noticeably different from another set of operations. The classification of the main logistics functions is given in Table 3.2.

The following organizations implement the LF:
· transport companies;
· trading enterprises;
· commercial intermediary organizations;
· manufacturing companies;
· specialized external logistics organizations.

Table 3.1

Classification and examples of problems solved in logistics

Global	Are common	Private
1. Achieving maximum effect of drug functioning with minimal costs	1.Creation of an integrated system for regulating MP and IP	1.Reducing the level of safety stocks
	2.Development of methods for managing the movement of goods	2. Reducing the storage time of products in inventory
2. Modeling of drugs and conditions for their reliable functioning	3. Determination of strategy and technology for the physical movement of goods	3.Reduced transportation time
	4.Development of a system for accounting and analysis of logistics costs	4. Determination of the optimal number of warehouses in the serviced area
	5.Implementation of a quality system at the enterprise	5.Search, selection of suppliers
	6.Forecasting production volumes, transportation, demand, etc.	6.Organization of acceptance, unloading, storage of MR
	7.Identification of imbalance between needs and capabilities	7.Increasing the current level of customer service
	8.Organization of pre-sales and after-sales services for consumers	8.Choosing the location of the outlet
	9. Design and optimization of the structure of automated warehouse complexes	9.Short-term increase in drug power
	10.Implementation of MP traffic control systems MRP, JIT and their modifications	10. Elimination of unproductive areas
	11.LC capacity planning	11.Placement of orders
	12. MP control	12.Selecting a reseller type
	13. Coordination of the activities of various departments of enterprises	13.Choosing the type of transport for transporting goods
	14.External and internal integration	14.Choice of transportation route
	15. Development of a logistics strategy	15. Registration of a foreign trade transaction

Table 3.2

Classification of logistics functions

Classification sign	View	Description
Nature of tasks performed	Operational	Organization of work, direct management, flow control
	Coordination	Identification and comparison of drug needs and capacity, coordination of goals and coordination of actions of various departments within the enterprise and various parts of the LC
Content	Basic	Supply, production, sales
	Key	Maintaining service standards, purchasing management, determining volumes and directions of goods, forecasting demand, inventory management, physical distribution of products, determining the sequence of movement of goods through storage locations, carrying out transportation and all necessary operations with cargo along the way, managing production procedures, forming economic relations for the supply of goods or provision of services
	Supporters	Management of warehouse operations, development, placement and organization of warehouse facilities, delivery and acceptance of goods, storage, sorting, preparation of the necessary assortment, packaging, labeling, preparation for loading, loading and unloading operations, cargo handling, protective packaging, ensuring the return of goods, provision of spare parts and service, information and computer support
From a conceptual point of view	System-forming	Organization of a management system for all resources
	Integrating	Association, coordination, coordination of actions of participants in the logistics process within the enterprise and within the LC
	Regulatory	Saving resources, minimizing waste of all types (wasted time, ineffective operations, waste of MR), minimizing costs
	Resultant	Aimed at achieving the ultimate goal of logistics management - implementation of the six rules of logistics

The above classification of LF allows us to highlight the following functional areas(areas) of logistics management: purchasing logistics; production

Logistics is the science of managing material flows (inventories), service flows and related information and financial flows in order to reduce the total costs of promoting these flows.

Thus, the object of study of logistics as a science and the object of logistics management as a field of entrepreneurship is the flow system. One of the main tasks of transport logistics is the promotion of material flow in compliance with the required values ​​of such parameters as speed, timeliness, safety, which ensure a reduction in total costs.

The high efficiency of the commodity production system is determined by the timely and complete satisfaction of requests from all consumers in the chain of movement and processing of material flow and the main end user - the buyer. Moreover, many researchers state the fact that individual industries (mainly in countries with developed economies) have reached the efficiency limit. They recognize that today only logistics, which studies the methods and techniques of clear and coordinated functioning of all elements of the commodity production system, is capable of providing a sharp reduction in the cost of finished products by eliminating losses at the interfaces between individual enterprises.

Thus, the essence of the logistics approach to the management of material flows lies in the integration of individual participants in commodity production into a single logistics system capable of quickly and economically transforming and promoting material flows. The resulting so-called “logistics effect” should be redistributed between elements of the logistics chain, since when working together for a common result, individual participants in logistics interaction may incur direct losses. Let us explain this statement using the example of one of the logistics functions - product packaging.

We will try to systematize the considered problems that arise in the process of creating or forming a logistics system. Achieving the goal of this process is ensured by solving the following fundamental tasks:

· organizational, economic and legal tasks - developing agreements on the procedure for fair distribution of total profits (the effect of the merger) between participants and organizing their interaction as part of the logistics system;

· technical tasks - selection of technical means to ensure the promotion of flows of raw materials, semi-finished products and products (for example, selection of containers, packaging equipment, modes of transport, loading and unloading mechanisms, etc.);

· technological tasks - development of a unified (mutually agreed upon) technological process for processing and promoting material flow, starting from sources of raw materials and ending with the sales floor of the store;

· mathematical problems - optimization of logistics system parameters using methods of system analysis and economic-mathematical modeling, for example, problems of optimal transportation planning, problems of optimizing inventories in warehouses, etc.;

· management tasks - managing the functioning and development of the logistics system. Solving these problems actually means systematically solving all previous problems at different levels of management and at different stages of the existence of the logistics system.

As a result of solving the listed problems, an integrated system for the effective promotion of material flow is created, providing economic benefits through the organization and management of material flow on logistics principles.

The following components of logistics are distinguished.

Sales logistics. Studying issues of organizing the distribution of finished products. It is based on marketing, methods of studying demand and market, including forecasting methods.

Purchasing logistics. Studying procurement planning methods. supplier selection.

Transport logistics. Transport is one of the main links in the functioning of the logistics chain supplier - transport - consumer, and its task is to ensure just-in-time deliveries, therefore methods for organizing such transportation by various modes of transport are required.

Warehousing logistics. No matter how smoothly the transport and production system functions, the possibility of supply disruptions cannot be ruled out. In addition, cargo often needs to be accumulated to a batch of a certain size or, conversely, a large batch needs to be broken down into small deliveries. In all these (and many other) cases, it is impossible to do without creating stocks and organizing warehouses. Therefore, when studying logistics, it is necessary to master the basics of inventory management theory, as well as modern methods of organizing transport and warehouse systems.

Production logistics. If we take not entire enterprises as suppliers and consumers, but only shops of the same enterprise, then logistics chains can also be organized between them (timely inter-shop transportation, ensuring timely release of finished products by the entire enterprise as a whole). The organization of such chains has its own characteristics; they are studied by the so-called production logistics.

International logistics. The supplier and consumer may be located in different countries. The presence of state borders creates its own difficulties in organizing timely transportation. When building a supply chain in international traffic, it is necessary to take them into account and solve them.

Information logistics. One of the main tools that ensures the functioning of supply chains is an information system. It is the widespread use of computers and computer networks that has led to the rapid development of logistics in recent decades. Indeed, without the availability of prompt and complete information about the needs for products, transportation, and inventory levels, it is difficult to imagine a clearly coordinated operation of the logistics system. Organization of information flows, creation of information infrastructure - these are the tasks of information logistics.

Summarizing the considered preliminary remarks regarding the essence of logistics, we can say that the object of study of logistics is material, information, financial flows, service flows, as well as the system of channels for their distribution. Managing flows from the point of their origin to the point of repayment (consumption) as a whole makes it possible to significantly reduce the currently existing huge losses at the junctions of individual elements of the material production system. Thus, logistics can be compared to cement slurry. fastening into a single strong structure the currently insufficiently interconnected bricks - production, transport, warehouses, trade and other elements of the sphere of material production.

The science of logistics studies the principles and methods of logical organization and functioning of the entire system of promoting material flow from the source of raw materials to the final consumer as a whole, in the interrelation of its individual subsystems and elements. Transport, on the other hand, belongs to the category of the most complex technical systems; it connects many enterprises, warehouses, wholesale depots, etc. into a single system. Therefore, organizing the work of transport specifically (in connection with suppliers and consumers) on logistics principles is of paramount importance for the entire logistics system.

There are many definitions of the concept of “logistics,” which indicates that all aspects and depths of its concept are unknown. On the other hand, the simultaneous existence of several definitions provides a more complete understanding of the nature, content and importance of this field of activity. In this regard Let's look at the most used her concepts.

Logistics- this is the delivery to a specific consumer of the required product of appropriate quality in the required quantity at a specified place and at exactly the appointed time at an acceptable price.

Logistics- this is the effective organization, planning, management and control over inventories of primary material resources (raw materials), semi-finished products, components, final finished products and spare parts for these finished products.

This definition focuses on the formation of inventories of material and technical resources.

Logistics is the process of planning, implementing and monitoring the efficiency of the flow and storage of material and technical resources and inventories.

The emphasis, as we see, is on the movement and storage of resources. Movement requires a choice of modes of transport, methods of transportation, direction of goods flows, including using our own vehicles. Moreover, choosing between your own capabilities and hiring transport is often a very difficult task that requires taking into account various economic factors.

In turn, organizing storage involves taking into account the number of goods, their sizes, volumes, design, and type. Accordingly, warehouses are created that have the necessary equipment and lifting vehicles, taking into account the volume of orders for material resources and final finished products, the timing of orders and other circumstances.

The named concepts of logistics refer to Western terminology. Our country has adopted a slightly different interpretation of logistics.

Logistics- this is planning, control and management of transportation, warehousing and other tangible and intangible operations performed in the process of bringing raw materials and materials to the production enterprise, in-plant processing of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products, bringing finished products to the consumer in accordance with his interests and requirements, and as well as the transmission, storage and processing of relevant information.

Logistics goal: achieving the highest efficiency of the company, increasing its competitiveness.

Main goals: improvement of product distribution management, creation of an integrated effective system for regulation and control of material and information flows, ensuring high quality of product delivery.

Object of study and management in logistics are material flows, which are the main ones. Related flows are information, financial and service.

Subject The study of logistics is the optimization of resources in a certain economic system while managing the main and accompanying flows.

Logistics includes: purchasing logistics related to providing production with materials; production logistics; sales logistics (marketing or distribution). Transport logistics and information logistics are associated with each of the listed logistics.

Objects of research

The main objects of research in logistics are:

• chain;
• system;
• function;
• information flow;

Logistics operation

This is a separate set of actions aimed at transforming the material and information flow. Such an operation is specified by a set of initial conditions, environmental parameters, alternative strategies, and characteristics of the objective function.

Logistics chain

This is a linearly ordered set of individuals and legal entities (manufacturers, distributors, warehouse managers, etc.) carrying out logistics operations, including value-added ones, to bring the material flow from the supplier to the consumer.

Logistics system

This is an adaptive feedback system that performs certain logistics operations and has developed connections with the external environment. It considers physical objects - industrial enterprises, territorial production complexes, trading enterprises, infrastructure of the economy of a particular country. At the same time, a distinction is made between a logistics system with direct connections (the material flow is brought to the consumer without the participation of intermediaries on the basis of in-line long-term economic relations) and echeloned (a multi-cascade, multi-level system in which the material flow on the way from the manufacturer to the consumer passes through at least one intermediary).

Logistic function

This is an enlarged group of operations, but aimed at realizing the goals of the logistics system, with the values ​​of the indicators being its output variables. The logistics functions include: procurement, supply, production, sales, distribution, transportation, warehousing, storage, inventory volume.

Material flow

These are products subjected to various logistics operations - transportation, warehousing, storage, loading and unloading. The material flow has dimensions in the form of volume, quantity, mass and is characterized by rhythm, determinism and intensity.

Information flow

This is a set of messages circulating in the logistics system, between it and the external environment, necessary for management and control. An information flow can exist in the form of a document flow or an electronic document and is characterized by direction, frequency, volume and speed of transmission. In logistics, there are horizontal, vertical, external, internal, input and output information flows.

Logistics costs

These are the costs of performing logistics operations (warehousing, transportation, collection, storage and transmission of data on orders, inventories, deliveries). In terms of their economic content, such costs partially coincide with the costs of production, transport, delivery of products, storage, costs of sending goods, packaging, etc.

Supply chain and service logistics

Based on the practice of production and economic activities of industrial enterprises and intermediary organizations, we can conclude that any company manufactures goods and at the same time provides various types of services. In this regard, a two-part definition of logistics has been adopted, reflecting two main types of its activities - supply chain logistics and service logistics.

Supply chain logistics. This is a traditional process that reflects the organization of accumulation (warehousing, storage, inventory formation) and distribution (transportation, distribution channels, sales networks) of industrial and consumer goods.

It is the main organizational element in the production process and in the organization of product distribution. The classic supply chain can be represented as follows: source of primary material resources (raw materials) - transportation (loading and unloading) - production of products (industrial enterprises) - transportation (loading and unloading) - warehousing (storage) - sellers (distribution centers) - final consumers (organizations and individuals).

Service logistics. This is the process of coordinating the intangible activities necessary to implement the service. Its effectiveness is determined by the level of satisfaction of customer requirements and costs.

Service logistics is a decisive factor in the activities of organizations providing various types of services. A service infrastructure must be established to coordinate and meet customer requirements. In manufacturing industries, service logistics is a relatively insignificant factor that has a limited impact on profits and competitiveness.

Comparative characteristics of supply chain logistics and service logistics

Supply Chain Logistics	Service logistics
Sales Forecasting	Service Forecasting
Determination of sources of raw materials and materials	Establishing potential clients and partners
Planning and organization of production	Organization of work of personnel and equipment
Delivery of materials	Collection of information
Inventory Management	Data processing
Storage of raw materials and materials	Training
Processing orders from various consumers	Determining the requirements of potential clients
Choosing a rational distribution system	Formation of a network of service channels
Warehousing of goods	Data storage
Distribution control	Communication control
Carrying out transportation	Planning and time management
Formation of acceptable product prices	Formation of acceptable cost of services

The main thing that distinguishes services from material goods is that the service itself does not exist. Material resources in the form of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products can be consumed or remain inactive. The service needs an object as a source of work. This could be a person or a technical device. Services do not have technical characteristics, they are intangible, and their quality is assessed based on the results of the work performed.

At the same time, services are classified according to several criteria: source of work - using technical means (various types of repairs) and the absence of tools (for example, consultations); relationship with the consumer - mandatory presence (for example, medical care) or absence (for example, repairs); type of consumer - organizations or individual consumers.

Distribution levels

Before considering global systems, let us dwell on the levels (positions) of distribution in logistics (using the example of consumer goods). These are suppliers of primary material resources (raw materials), manufacturers of semi-finished products, final finished products, information centers, logistics platforms (warehouses), wholesalers or retailers, and final individual consumers. Let's look at each level (position) in more detail.

Suppliers supply various types of raw materials (mineral, artificial, agricultural), fuel and energy resources, a certain range of basic and auxiliary materials, i.e. processed or partially processed raw materials.

Manufacturers of semi-finished products produce basic and auxiliary materials, forgings, stampings, castings, and components. Manufacturers of the final finished product carry out the production, including assembly, of goods for industrial or consumer purposes.

The clearinghouse is the only level in distribution where there is no physical movement of resources and products. Here, customer orders for goods are processed and paperwork is carried out, reference information is collected, regulatory data regulating logistics processes is monitored, operational information on the movement of products in the distribution system is analyzed and, on the basis of this, product distribution processes are adjusted.

Logistics platforms are divided into intermediate (sorting), transport and warehouses at points of sale of goods. Wholesalers or retailers sell products through a network of stores. The final individual consumer purchases finished products for home, family or personal consumption.

Global systems

American system

The basis of the American system is the “resources-production” relationship. The individual consumer's opinion about the product (quantity, quality, design, reasonable price) is determined by the manufacturer of the finished product. It collects data by mail, telephone, questionnaires and observation at points of sale. The information and production supply chain looks like this: individual consumer - manufacturer of the finished product - manufacturer of semi-finished products - supplier of raw materials (feedback in the logistics chain). Next, there is a direct production connection: from the supplier of raw materials to the individual consumer.

The advantage of the American system is that an effective balance is achieved when the number of goods produced coincides with the number of potential consumers - supply and demand coincide. Another advantage is that the option of storing large stocks of finished products and, accordingly, stocks of intermediate products - semi-finished products and primary material resources - is excluded.

The disadvantage is that the manufacturer’s forecast, despite the conducted marketing research of potential consumers, may not come true, since due to certain circumstances (changes in fashion, increased competition), the opinion of the individual consumer may change. Then the supply-demand balance is disrupted, and the goods produced may not find a consumer.

European system

The basis of the European system is reserves. Here, the merchant finds out the opinion of individual consumers about the product. Otherwise, the production procedure and information-production connections (both direct and reverse) are identical to the American system (the initial position of the reverse logistics connection, instead of the manufacturer of the finished product, is the wholesaler and retailer).

The advantage of the European system is that it allows an individual consumer to purchase the necessary product (from the selection offered) in almost unlimited quantities, since the system is built on stocks of finished products in a wide range of each type produced.

The disadvantage of the European system is the presence of significant stocks of products, which leads to costs for their storage (preservation and re-preservation, maintaining a strict regime of specified temperature values, compliance with humidity standards, various types of preventive work), and therefore additional warehouse costs. In this regard, it should be noted that experts have long come to the conclusion that freezing financial resources in material and technical resources is unprofitable.

To meet the various needs of intermediate and final consumers of products, the American system provides for the production of goods based on predicted demand. The European system is based on providing the consumer with a certain choice of products in the presence of significant stored volumes.

Japanese system

The Japanese system is fundamentally different from the American and European ones both in its approach to the problem of production and in its implementation. Its basis is the order. Neither the manufacturer nor the seller finds out the end consumer's opinion about the product. Thus, there is no “manufacturer-seller” relationship here. The end consumer himself appears at the seller, and the order for the product comes from him. In this case, the seller must satisfy the buyer's requests by providing him with exactly the product he requested.

It is noteworthy that in the Japanese system, the information and production chain of logistics “final consumer - supplier of raw materials” is completely opposite: “supplier of raw materials - final consumer”. Its distinctive feature is that the manufacturer of the final finished product is constantly in a state of waiting for an order from the consumer. The system does not have a production forecast, and the manufacturer of the finished product is based on the opinion of the end consumer expressed in the order.

The advantage of the Japanese logistics system is maximum flexibility both when ordering a finished product and when ordering semi-finished products and primary material resources. The end consumer does not choose a product from the proposed range, but orders an individual product in accordance with his taste and requirements.

The disadvantage of the Japanese system is that the manufacturer is constantly waiting for an order for the manufacture of a specific product and, having received it, begins to fulfill it, which takes some time. If in the USA and Europe the end consumer does not expect a product, but quickly purchases it (though not always the one that is required by the individual buyer), then in Japan he expects an order, and, moreover, additionally pays for the urgency of execution. Nevertheless, Western experts believe that the future of logistics lies in the Japanese system.

Main goals

Goods distribution is complicated by the choice of vehicles. Sea vessels of significant displacement, road, rail, aviation, and pipeline transport are used. The choice of options for warehousing and storing material and technical resources in ports, at regional bases and points of sale, systems for distributing goods to small stores, organizing sales, managing product distribution, the ratio of optimal stocks of raw materials, semi-finished products, components, finished products and spare parts depends on the transport used. parts in warehouses of various levels. All this poses certain challenges for commodity producers and transport companies.

Ultimately, all operations for transportation, warehousing and storage of products and raw materials should be reduced from a logistics perspective to minimizing costs at each of these stages. Minimizing costs involves taking into account the entire complex of information flows (regulatory, reference, operational and analytical data) that ensure the solution of specific problems with the help of computerization.

Infrastructure in the economic sphere, which is developing at a fairly significant pace, in turn gives rise to new tasks and problems that require solutions at minimal costs at all levels of product distribution. Therefore, a whole scientific direction of logistics has emerged, including macrologistics (optimization of product distribution on the scale of regional, international and other markets) and micrologistics (organization of product distribution at a separate enterprise).

Logistics in this sense is considered as mathematical logic, which has a number of applied areas that implement tasks in certain areas of economics, technology, management and marketing.

Logistics, developing minimization and optimization methods in each link of the overall chain, forms specific provisions, programs and standards for production, transportation, shipment, warehousing and storage, distribution. These developments are prepared for each distribution system: manufacturing enterprise, intermediary, enterprise providing various types of services, for retail and wholesale trade.

We can say that logistics currently acts both as a science and as a practice, covering all areas of activity in production, distribution, distribution and consumption of products. The main goal of logistics is to uninterruptedly meet the growing needs of the population at minimal cost.

Industrial enterprises that produce goods for industrial and consumer purposes, and enterprises that provide service services, as a rule, solve the following main tasks in the field of logistics that support their business: forming a goal (goals); planning and forecasting; formation of capacities and reserves; accepting orders and responsibility for its implementation; operation of equipment and inventory turnover, optimal use of the distribution network to comply with the law.

Successful management of logistics in an enterprise requires careful coordination of the movement and storage of material resources, interest in the development and industrial packaging of materials. These two areas deserve special attention. Processing of material resources prior to warehousing and storage operations requires not only special equipment, but also significant financial costs. For example, deep freezing of food and special storage conditions are associated with high energy costs. Accordingly, strategic reserves of material and technical resources are needed, the shelf life of which is calculated in years, and funds for their preservation and conservation.

Industrial packaging of materials, as well as their processing, also requires significant material (packaging materials), technical (special equipment), labor and financial costs. In addition, the type and type of packaging (containers, refrigerators) have a significant impact on further transportation and warehousing operations, loading and unloading operations. Depending on the type of packaging, the area and height of warehouse space, as well as storage equipment, etc. are maximized.

Question 7. Stages of development and current state of logistics.

Question 8. Logistics channels and logistics chains. The problem of choosing a distribution channel.

9. Prerequisites for using a logistics approach to managing material flows in the areas of production and circulation.

11. Problems and prospects for the development of domestic logistics

Question 13. Main categories of logistics: logistic function, l operation, l chain, l link.

14.Transport services in logistics.

Question 15. The concept of a logistics system. Logistics systems by depth and boundaries of logistics. Micro-, meta-, meso-, macrologistic systems. Examples of trading systems.

Question 16. Concepts and types of inventories. The role of inventories in logistics.

Question 17. Flows in logistics and their classification.

Question 18.

Question 20. Models for managing a company's inventory.

22. Warehouses in logistics: concept, classification, main functions. The role of warehouses in logistics.

23. Logistics as a type of business activity. Conceptual framework and philosophy.

5.5. Efficiency of using logistics in trade

24. Making a decision on the location of the warehouse in the serviced area.

25. Basic logistics functions and their distribution between various participants in the logistics process at the macro level.

26. Deciding on the number of warehouses in the distribution system

26. Deciding on the number of warehouses in the distribution system

2. Dependence of inventory holding costs on the number of warehouses in the distribution system.

3. Dependence of the costs associated with the operation of a warehouse on the number of warehouses in the distribution system.

27. Mediation in logistics.

29. Organization of logistics at the enterprise.

30. Research of operations in warehouse logistics.

31. Commercial logistics. Functions, goals and objectives of logistics.

Question 32. Information systems in logistics: concepts and types, principles of construction.

33. Make-or-Buy Problem. Examples of solving the “buy or make” problem in commercial logistics.

Question 34. Use of automated bar code identification technology in logistics.

35. Objectives and content of purchasing logistics, logistics principles for building relationships with suppliers.

36. Logistics strategy: concepts, key issues. The influence of the external and internal environment on the company's logistics strategy.

38.Strategic, tactical and operational planning in logistics: time intervals, goals, objectives, decision-making models.

Strategic logistics planning

39. Operations research in purchasing logistics.

Question 43. Push management systems for industrial enterprises in the spheres of production and circulation.

45. Pulling control systems for motors in the areas of production and circulation. Kanban system.

47. Coordination of logistics and marketing strategies in managing the activities of the enterprise.

Question 50. The concept of a basic module. The role of the basic module in logistics.

51. Functional cost analysis (FCA) in logistics

Difference from traditional methods

Advantages and disadvantages of functional cost analysis compared to traditional methods

Question 52. Cargo unit: concept, role in logistics. Main characteristics.

Question 1. Concept, goal, subject, object and tasks of logistics.

Logistics- theory and practice of planning, control and management of transportation, warehousing and other operations performed in the process of bringing raw materials and materials to the production enterprise, in-plant processing of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products; bringing finished products to the consumer in accordance with the interests and requirements of the latter, as well as transferring, storing and processing relevant information.

Logistics- effective management of material and resp. them flows to achieve corporate goals at optimal costs.

Logistics tasks:

1) demand forecast and inventory planning;

2) determination of the required production and transport capacity;

3) development of scientific principles for the distribution of finished products based on optimal management of material flows;

4) construction of optimal options for mathematical models of the functioning of logistics systems;

5) development of methods for joint planning, supply, production, sales and shipment of finished products;

6) Development of scientific foundations for managing transshipment processes and transport and storage operations in places of production and consumption.

Logistics subject- comprehensive management of all material and intangible flows in the systems.

Main object is a through material flow. ( Material flow- the flow of material resources moved throughout the logistics process).

Target is considered achieved if 6 logistics rules are met:

quality

quantity

Question 2. Objectives and content of distribution logistics at the macro and micro levels.

Distribution Logistics - This is a set of interrelated functions implemented in the process of distributing material flow between various wholesale buyers, that is, in the process of wholesale sales of goods.

The object of study in distribution logistics is the material flow at the stage of movement from supplier to consumer. The subject of study is the rationalization of the process of physical promotion of a product to the consumer.

The composition of the tasks of distribution logistics at the micro and macro levels is different. At the enterprise level, that is, at the micro level, logistics poses and solves the following problems:

Planning the implementation process;

Organization of order receipt and processing;

Selecting the type of packaging, deciding on packaging, as well as organizing execution

other operations immediately preceding shipment;

Organization of product shipment;

Organization of delivery and control of transportation;

Organization of after-sales service.

At the macro level, the tasks of distribution logistics include:

Selecting a material flow distribution scheme;

Determining the optimal number of distribution centers (warehouses) per

service area;

Determining the optimal location of a distribution center (warehouse) in the serviced territory, as well as a number of other tasks related to managing the process of material flow through the territory of a district, region, country, continent or the entire globe.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RF

SOCHI STATE UNIVERSITY OF TOURISM AND RESORT BUSINESS

Faculty of Economics

TEST

by discipline:

"Logistics"

Option 1

Performed):

____________________

____________________

____________________

Record book number:

____________________

Checked:

____________________

1. Logistics as a science: definition, tasks, object, subject, rules of logistics

Logistics - an integrated system for active management of material flows based on the use of modern information technologies and optimization economic solutions, which considers the unity of material flows between and within business entities and is aimed at achieving high final performance results.

The purpose of logistics is to ensure receipt (delivery) of products (goods) to the consumer at the right time and place with the minimum possible total costs of labor, material, and financial resources.

The delivery of materials, raw materials, and finished products just in time has a beneficial effect on the functioning of the entire economic system, allowing for a significant reduction in inventories and the costs of their formation and maintenance, as well as the overall costs of production and circulation. Logistics, like marketing, is based on the interests of the consumer.

The goal of logistics activities is considered achieved when six conditions are met:

required product;

required quality;

delivered in the required quantity;

at the right time;

to the right place;

with minimal costs.

Object of study of logistics are material and corresponding financial and information flows that accompany production and commercial activities.

Since the logistic approach requires the introduction of a new object of study (flow), we present its definition. Flow is a system of movable objects, many elements perceived as a single whole. The flow is characterized by the following parameters: starting and ending points, speed, time, trajectory, path length, intensity. Flow intensity is the number of flow objects passing through points per unit of time.

Logistics can deal with diverse flows of material, transport, financial, energy, information, and human. Most often in logistics we have to deal with material flows.

Material flow - a set of cargo, parts, inventory items, considered in the process of applying a number of logistics (transportation, warehousing) and technological (machining, assembly) operations to it.

Material flow is characterized by such processes as transportation, loading and unloading operations, product processing, warehousing and storage.

Subject of study of logistics is the optimization of material and corresponding financial and information flows accompanying production and commercial activities. System optimization is carried out from the perspective of a single whole, i.e. minimizing costs throughout the entire logistics system, and not in a separate block.

The logistics system includes such enlarged blocks as supply (purchase) with transport support (delivery of products to enterprises), production, sales of products with transport support (delivery of products to consumers). In accordance with this, the following functional areas of logistics are distinguished: logistics associated with the procurement or purchase of products (purchase logistics, or procurement logistics); production logistics; logistics specializing in sales and sales of products (distribution logistics).

Activities in the field of logistics have an ultimate goal, which is called "six rules of logistics" :

1. Cargo- the right product.

2. Quality- required quality.

3. Quantity- in the required quantity.

4. Time- must be delivered at the right time.

5. Place- to the right place.

6. Expenses- with minimal costs.

The goal of logistics activity is considered achieved if these six conditions are met, i.e. the right product, of the required quality, in the required quantity, is delivered at the right time to the right place at minimal cost.

The tasks of logistics are very diverse and are determined by the above ultimate goal of logistics management. Their classification and examples are given in Table 1.

Table 1

Classification and examples of problems solved in logistics

Global	Are common	Private
1. Achieving maximum effect of drug functioning with minimal costs 2. Modeling of drugs and conditions for their reliable operation	1. Creation of an integrated system for regulating MP and IP 2. Development of methods for managing the movement of goods 3. Determining the strategy and technology for the physical movement of goods 4. Development of a system for accounting and analysis of logistics costs 5. Implementation of a quality system at the enterprise 6. Forecasting production volumes, transportation, demand, etc. 7. Identifying imbalances between needs and capabilities 8. Organization of pre-sales and after-sales services for consumers 9. Design and optimization of the structure of automated warehouse complexes 10. Implementation of MP traffic control systems MRP, JIT and their modifications 11. LC capacity planning 12. MP control 13. Coordination of activities of various departments of enterprises 14. External and internal integration 15. Development of a logistics strategy	1. Reducing the level of safety stocks 2. Reducing the storage time of products in inventory 3. Reduced transportation time 4. Determination of the optimal number of warehouses in the serviced area 5. Searches, selection of suppliers 6. Organization of acceptance, unloading, storage of medical supplies 7. Increasing the current level of customer service 8. Choosing a location for a retail outlet 9. Short-term increase in drug power 10. Elimination of unproductive areas 11. Placing orders 12. Selecting the type of reseller 13. Choosing a mode of transport for transporting goods 14. Selecting a transportation route 15. Registration of a foreign trade transaction

Logistics Operations- an independent part of the logistics process, performed at one workplace and/or using one technical device; a separate set of actions aimed at transforming material and/or information flows. Logistics operations include packaging, loading, transportation, unloading, unpacking, kitting, sorting, warehousing, packaging, etc.

Logistic function- this is an enlarged group of logistics operations, homogeneous in terms of the purpose of these operations and noticeably different from another set of operations. The classification of the main logistics functions is given in Table 2.

table 2

Classification of logistics functions

Classification sign		Description
Nature of tasks performed	Operational	Organization of work, direct management, flow control
	Coordination	Identification and comparison of drug needs and capacity, coordination of goals and coordination of actions of various departments within the enterprise and various parts of the LC
	Basic	Supply, production, sales
	Key	Maintaining service standards, purchasing management, determining volumes and directions of goods, forecasting demand, inventory management, physical distribution of products, determining the sequence of movement of goods through storage locations, carrying out transportation and all necessary operations with cargo along the way, managing production procedures, forming economic relations for the supply of goods or provision of services
	Supporters	Management of warehouse operations, development, placement and organization of warehouse facilities, delivery and acceptance of goods, storage, sorting, preparation of the necessary assortment, packaging, labeling, preparation for loading, loading and unloading operations, cargo handling, protective packaging, ensuring the return of goods, provision of spare parts and service, information and computer support
From a conceptual point of view	System-forming	Organization of a management system for all resources
	Integrating	Association, coordination, coordination of actions of participants in the logistics process within the enterprise and within the LC
	Regulatory	Saving resources, minimizing waste of all types (wasted time, ineffective operations, waste of MR), minimizing costs
	Resultant	Aimed at achieving the ultimate goal of logistics management - implementation of the six rules of logistics

The above classification of LF allows us to identify the following functional areas (spheres) of logistics management: purchasing logistics; production logistics; distribution logistics; transport logistics; inventory logistics; warehousing logistics; service logistics; information logistics.

2. Reengineering in logistics

The typical path to system integration is through a procedure called reengineering (reorganization) of the logistics process . The main idea is to assess the possible and necessary scale of integration. First of all, you need to identify and study the stages of performing specific actions. There are no general rules defining the ideal or even the minimum degree of reengineering. Everything depends on the decisions and intentions of management.

To review and analyze the effectiveness of certain actions, solving problems, using resources, managing individual functional areas, or even the operation of the entire logistics system, almost the same procedures are used.

All logistics reengineering programs share four common properties. First, the goal is to increase the level of integration of some or all aspects of the activity in question. The analytical foundations of integration are the principles of system analysis. Secondly, a very important element of the reorganization is the critical comparison of the existing system with the best examples of industry practice and the perception of best practices. Thirdly, to achieve the desired integration effect, “de-averaging”, or decomposition, of the relevant types of activities should be carried out. To do this, it is necessary to establish an assessment of efficiency and costs by type of activity. Finally, reengineering involves continually working to improve quality.