Society's assessment of social significance. What are social problems, what are they, and how are they related to each other? Society is an integral social organism and system
Social status
Social status (from lat. status- position, state) of a person is the position of a person in society, which he occupies in accordance with his age, gender, origin, profession, marital status.
Social status - this is a specific position in social structure group or society, linked to other positions through a system of rights and responsibilities.
Sociologists distinguish several types of social statuses:
1) Statuses determined by the position of an individual in a group are personal and social.
Personal status is the position of a person that he occupies in the so-called small, or primary, group, depending on how his individual qualities are assessed in it.
On the other hand, in the process of interaction with other individuals, each person performs certain social functions that determine his social status.
2) Statuses determined by time frames, influence on the life of the individual as a whole - main and non-main (episodic).
Basic status determines the main thing in a person’s life (most often this is a status associated with the main place of work and family, for example, a good family man and an irreplaceable worker).
Episodic (non-main) social statuses influence the details of human behavior (for example, pedestrian, passenger, passerby, patient, participant in a demonstration or strike, reader, listener, television viewer, etc.).
3) Statuses acquired or not acquired as a result of free choice.
Prescribed (assigned) status - a social position that is pre-prescribed to an individual by society regardless of the individual’s merits (for example, nationality, place of birth, social origin, etc.).
Mixed status has the features of a prescribed and achieved status (a person who has become disabled, the title of academician, Olympic champion, etc.).
Reachable ( acquired) acquired as a result of free choice, personal efforts and is under the control of a person (education, profession, material wealth, business connections, etc.).
In any society there is a certain hierarchy of statuses, which represents the basis of its stratification. Certain statuses are prestigious, others are the opposite. This hierarchy is formed under the influence of two factors:
a) the real usefulness of those social functions that a person performs;
b) a value system characteristic of a given society.
If the prestige of any statuses is unreasonably overestimated or, conversely, underestimated, it is usually said that there is a loss of status balance. A society in which there is a similar tendency to lose this balance is unable to ensure its normal functioning.
Prestige - This is society’s assessment of the social significance of a particular status, enshrined in culture and public opinion.
Each individual can have a large number of statuses. The social status of an individual primarily influences his behavior. Knowing the social status of a person, you can easily determine most of the qualities that he possesses, as well as predict the actions that he will carry out. Such expected behavior of a person, associated with the status that he has, is usually called a social role.
Social role - This is a model of behavior focused on a certain status.
Social role - it is a pattern of behavior recognized as appropriate for people of a given status in a given society.
Roles are determined by people's expectations (for example, the idea that parents should take care of their children, that an employee should conscientiously carry out the work assigned to him, has taken root in the public consciousness). But each person, depending on specific circumstances, accumulated life experience and other factors, fulfills a social role in his own way.
When claiming this status, a person must fulfill all the role requirements assigned to this social position. Each person has not one, but a whole set of social roles that he plays in society. The totality of all human roles in society is called role system or role set.
Role set (role system)
Role set - a set of roles (role complex) associated with one status.
Each role in the role set requires a special manner of behavior and communication with people and is, therefore, a set of relationships that are unlike others. In the role-playing set one can highlight basic (typical) And situational social roles.
Examples of basic social roles:
1) hard worker;
2) owner;
3) consumer;
4) citizen;
5) family member (husband, wife, son, daughter).
Social roles can be institutionalized And conventional.
Institutionalized roles: institution of marriage, family (social roles of mother, daughter, wife).
Conventional roles accepted by agreement (a person may refuse to accept them).
Social roles are associated with social status, profession or type of activity (teacher, student, student, salesperson).
Man and woman are also social roles, biologically predetermined and presupposing specific modes of behavior, enshrined in social norms or customs.
Interpersonal roles are associated with interpersonal relationships that are regulated at the emotional level (leader, offended, family idol, loved one, etc.).
Role behavior
From social role as a model of behavior one should distinguish between the real role behavior, which means not socially expected, but actual behavior of the performer of a specific role. And here a lot depends on personal qualities the individual, on the degree of his assimilation of social norms, on his beliefs, attitudes, and value orientations.
Factors determining the process of realizing social roles:
1) biopsychological capabilities of a person, which may facilitate or hinder the fulfillment of a particular social role;
2) the nature of the role accepted in the group and features of social control, designed to monitor the fulfillment of role behavior;
3) personal sample, defining a set of behavioral characteristics necessary for successful performance of the role;
4) group structure, its cohesion and the degree of identification of the individual with the group.
In the process of implementing social roles, certain difficulties may arise related to the need for a person to fulfill different situations many roles → in some cases, there is a discrepancy between social roles, the emergence of contradictions and conflict relations between them.
Role conflict and its types
Role conflict is a situation in which a person is faced with the need to satisfy the demands of two or more incompatible roles.
Types of role conflicts:
|
Type name |
Its essence |
|
Intra-role |
A conflict in which the requirements of the same role contradict each other (for example, the role of parents involves not only kind, affectionate treatment of children, but also demandingness and severity towards them). |
|
Interrole |
Conflict that arises in situations where the demands of one role conflict with the requirements of another (for example, the demands of a woman’s main job may conflict with her household duties). |
|
Personal-role |
A conflict situation when the requirements of a social role contradict the interests and life aspirations of the individual (for example, professional activity does not allow a person to reveal and demonstrate his abilities). |
QUESTIONS:
1. Establish a correspondence between the types of status and their examples: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position in the second column.
|
TYPES OF STATUS |
|||
|
heir to the throne |
prescribed |
||
|
world champion |
achievable |
||
|
head of a department in a company |
2. When applying for a job, citizen A. filled out a form in which she indicated that she was a specialist with higher education, comes from a family of employees, is married and has two children. Name one prescribed and two achieved statuses of citizen A., which she noted in the questionnaire. Using the example of one of the named achieved statuses, indicate the status rights and responsibilities.
1. Prescribed status - woman.
2. Achieved statuses - specialist with higher education, married lady and mother of two children.
3. As the mother of her children, she is obliged to bear moral and legal responsibility for them and to ensure a decent standard of living. Just like the mother of her children, she has the right to choose educational institution for them, with whom they should communicate, etc.
1) socialization of the individual
2) differentiation of society
3) social status
4) prestige
Of the listed factors influencing a person’s social status, name one that is objective in nature, that is, does not depend on his desire
1) social origin
2) education
3) skill level
4) profession
8. Are the following statements true?
A. Social adaptation is the process of a person’s adaptation to a changing social environment using various social means.
B. For the successful socialization of an individual, adaptation has no significance.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
Acquired is the status
1) daughter 3) Russian
2) melancholic 4) businessman
10. Representatives of which social group could say: “We are not completely strangers everywhere, we are not completely our own everywhere.”
1) political elite 3) marginalized
2) industrial workers 4) farmers
11. What status is prescribed?
1) driver
2) student
3) man
4) deputy
Social roles.
- Are the following statements true?
A. The social role determines the model of behavior in a given situation.
B. All social roles are formally assigned to a person.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
The totality of functions acquired and performed by a person and the corresponding patterns of behavior constitute the content of his
1) rights in society
2) social role
3) duties to society
4) competence
3. Are the following judgments about a person’s social roles true?
A. A person’s social roles are determined by his social status.
B. There are no differences between the concepts of “social role” and “social status”.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
Princess Olga established the amount of tribute for the Drevlyans and Novgorodians. In that historical fact manifested itself
1) social origin
2) social adaptation
3) social mobility
4) social role
Inequality and social stratification.
An example of social stratification along political lines is
next characteristic states N.:
1) there are wealthy and poor segments of the population
2) incomes of the population are differentiated
3) layers of managers and managed are distinguished
4) social groups are distinguished by the type of their activity
- In the country of N., the opportunity to get a good education is determined by a person’s income level. That's an example
1) social stability
2) social inequality
4) socialization
- What kind of society is characterized by stratification?
1) only industrial 3) only feudal
2) only medieval 4) anyone
- The guarantee of social stability is the growth of numbers
1) Marginal people 3) hired workers
2) Middle class 4) bourgeoisie
Restrictions on receiving education based on nationality are
1) genocide 3) nationalization
2) discrimination 4) socialization
The criterion for stratification of society can be
1) commitment to political ideology
2) membership in a political party
3) income level
4) development of personal abilities
7. Social inequality- This
1) division by gender and age
2) social conditions under which people have different opportunities to enjoy social benefits
3) all changes occurring in society
4) different levels of development of mental abilities
8. Social stratification- This
1) system of criteria for social stratification
2) view political activity
3) the opportunity to participate in government
4) the opportunity to obtain a new status
2. Personal and social status of a person. Social roles
Status - it is a specific position in the social structure of a group or society, connected to other positions through a system of rights and responsibilities.
Sociologists distinguish two types of status: personal and acquired. Personal status is the position of a person that he occupies in the so-called small, or primary, group, depending on how his individual qualities are assessed in it. On the other hand, in the process of interaction with other individuals, each person performs certain social functions that determine his social status.
Social status is called general position an individual or social group in society associated with a certain set of rights and obligations. Social statuses can be prescribed and acquired (achieved). The first category includes nationality, place of birth, social origin, etc., the second - profession, education, etc.
In any society there is a certain hierarchy of statuses, which represents the basis of its stratification. Certain statuses are prestigious, others are the opposite. Prestige is society’s assessment of the social significance of a particular status, enshrined in culture and public opinion. This hierarchy is formed under the influence of two factors:
a) the real usefulness of the social functions that a person performs;
b) a value system characteristic of a given society.
If the prestige of any statuses is unreasonably overestimated or, conversely, underestimated, it is usually said that there is a loss of status balance. A society in which there is a similar tendency to lose this balance is unable to ensure its normal functioning. Authority must be distinguished from prestige. Authority is the degree to which society recognizes the dignity of an individual, a particular person.
The social status of an individual primarily influences his behavior. Knowing the social status of a person, you can easily determine most of the qualities that he possesses, as well as predict the actions that he will carry out. Such expected behavior of a person, associated with the status that he has, is usually called a social role. A social role actually represents a certain pattern of behavior recognized as appropriate for people of a given status in a given society. In fact, the role provides a model showing exactly how an individual should act in a given situation. Roles vary in degree of formalization: some are very clearly defined, for example in military organizations, others are very vague. A social role can be assigned to a person formally (for example, in legislative act), so be informal in nature.
Any individual is a reflection of the totality of social relations of his era. Therefore, each person has not one but a whole set of social roles that he plays in society. Their combination is called the role system. Such a variety of social roles can cause internal conflict of the individual (if some of the social roles contradict each other).
Scientists offer various classifications of social roles. Among the latter, as a rule, there are the so-called main (basic) social roles. These include:
a) the role of a worker;
b) the role of the owner;
c) the role of the consumer;
d) the role of a citizen;
d) the role of a family member.
However, despite the fact that the behavior of an individual is largely determined by the status that he occupies and the roles that he plays in society, he (the individual) nevertheless retains his autonomy and has a certain freedom of choice. And although in modern society There is a tendency towards unification and standardization of personality; fortunately, its complete leveling does not occur. An individual has the opportunity to choose from a variety of social statuses and roles offered to him by society, those that allow him to better realize his plans and use his abilities as effectively as possible. A person’s acceptance of a particular social role is influenced by both social conditions and his biological and personal characteristics (health status, gender, age, temperament, etc.). Any role prescription outlines only a general pattern of human behavior, offering the choice of ways for the individual to carry it out.
SOCIAL ASSESSMENT
- English evaluation, social; German Bewertung, soziale. Approval or disapproval expressed by a group, organization or society towards its members in response to the fulfillment or non-fulfillment of demands placed on them.
Antinazi. Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009
See what “SOCIAL ASSESSMENT” is in other dictionaries:
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Books
- Social qualimetry, quality assessment and standardization of social services, Shimorina E.F.. Tutorial prepared in accordance with the Federal State educational standard 3rd generation in the area of training Social work. The manual reveals the main...
- Social qualimetry, quality assessment and standardization of social services. Study guide, Shimorina E.F.. Study guide was prepared in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard of the 3rd generation in the field of training “Social work”. The manual reveals the main...
in psychology) (social understanding), a way by which people evaluate their own behavior and the behavior of others. The study of S.o. The work of the Austrian is devoted to the origin. Fritz Heider (1896-1988) Psychology interpersonal relationships(1958). He believed that people often give meaning to the not always explainable facts of their lives, linking them with non-obvious cause-and-effect factors, for example, moods (in such cases, self-perception is of great importance). Heider also paid great attention to biases when assessing the behavior of other people. For example, we clearly fall into prejudice when we believe that another person completely shares our opinion. We also exaggerate the role of factors such as ability, character, intentions, and underestimate the role of many others. ext. factors such as societies, pressures and the difficulty of completing the task at hand. There is disagreement among psychologists about the reasons for these biases. According to ongoing research, people have developed definitions. ideas (scenarios) regarding the consequences of behavior. They do not require special cause-and-effect analysis, because scenarios provide ready-made predictions and explanations. Psychologists draw on Heider's ideas to understand how people's evaluations of success and failure influence motivation and susceptibility to depression (interpersonal perception, social identity theory).
