Labor rationing: recording the working hours of key production workers. Labor rationing: recording the working hours of the main production workers during manual work

scheme “classification of working time costs”.

Slave. time- this is the duration of work established by law. day (work week) during which the employee performs the work assigned to him.

Performer's working hours divided into work time and break time.

Working hours- this is the period of time (part of the working day) during which the worker performs this or that work, both provided and not provided for by the production task. In this regard, work time is divided into work time to complete the production task (preparatory and final, operational, work place maintenance time) and work time not provided for in fulfilling the production task (execution time odd jobs– productive time spent on performing work caused by production needs; lead time unproductive work– time spent on performing work that does not increase production or improve its quality (removing excess allowance for processing, going for workpieces, repairing equipment by the worker himself, etc.).

For the preparatory and final time refers to the time that a worker (or a team of workers) spends on his own preparation and preparation of the means of production to complete a new production task, a new batch of parts and perform all the work associated with its completion. Preparatory and final time is spent once on the entire batch of parts processed at one workplace per shift, and does not depend on the number of parts in the batch. It depends on the level of labor organization in a given area or in a given workshop.

Operating time divided into main and auxiliary.

Main time(technological or machine) - the time spent by a worker on a qualitative change in the object of labor - its size, properties, composition, shape, or position in space. Determined based on the most rational operating modes of the equipment.

Auxiliary time - time spent on the actions of the performer, ensuring the completion of the main work. These are the time costs for unloading and removing finished products, moving products during their manufacture within the work area, monitoring the quality of manufactured products, the movement (transition) of a worker, equipment control actions necessary to perform operations, in addition to adjustment, and repeated with each unit of production. Auxiliary time is predominantly manual, but can be mechanized (machine-manual).

Depending on the nature of the worker’s participation in performing a given job (operation), operational time is divided into:

1. Direct work time (basic):

1.1. time of manual work without the use of machines and mechanisms;

1.2. time of manual mechanized work performed manually using hand mechanized tools;

1.3. time of machine-manual work performed by a worker using a mechanism or machine. During this time, the worker does not perform physical work, but his attention is directed to the operating mechanism of the equipment, the object being processed, and the readings of the device, which makes his presence at the workplace and continuous observation mandatory.

2. Observation time (basic):

2.1. the time of active monitoring of the operation of the equipment, during which the worker must monitor the operation of the machine, the progress of the technological process, compliance with the specified parameters in the operating modes of the equipment, etc., in order to ensure the proper quality of the product and the proper operation of the equipment;

2.2. passive observation time - a period during machine operation when the worker does not need to constantly monitor the operation of the equipment or the progress of the technological process, but he does it due to the lack of other work.

3. Time of transition (movement) of a worker in the work area between machines and units when servicing several pieces of equipment (auxiliary).

Service time workplace is the time spent by a worker to care for the workplace and maintain it in a condition that ensures productive work throughout the shift. It is divided into technical and organizational maintenance time (depending on the type of production). Maintenance time is usually given (normalized) as a percentage of operational time.

Organizational service time- time spent maintaining the workplace in working condition throughout the entire shift (receiving and handing over the shift; laying out tools, documentation and other items at the beginning and cleaning at the end of the shift, that is, caring for the workplace; time for cleaning, washing, lubricating equipment , moving containers, etc.). This category of time expenditure does not directly depend on the specific work being performed.

By the time of maintenance includes time costs for maintaining the workplace and caring for equipment or tools in the process of this particular work, that is, changing dull tools, adjusting equipment during work, sweeping away chips and cleaning up production waste, etc. This is the time required to complete that particular job.

When analyzing and designing the cost of working time in time for servicing equipment and auxiliary time, it is necessary to highlight that part that is performed or can be performed during automatic operation of the equipment. Therefore, manual time in machine processes must be divided into overlapped and not overlapped by machine time. Overlapping time- the time the worker performs those elements of primary, auxiliary work and maintenance that are carried out during the period of automatic operation of this equipment. Non-overlapping time- time for performing auxiliary and maintenance work when the equipment is stopped (inoperative).

Break times- the time during which the worker, for one reason or another, does not take part in work, is divided into the time of regulated and unregulated breaks.

Towards regulated breaks, that is, established by any document (order, instruction, etc.), include: rest breaks, provided to workers during a work shift for rest, industrial exercises in order to maintain normal performance and prevent fatigue; breaks for personal needs, spent by workers on personal hygiene and natural needs.

To unregulated breaks, caused by disruption of the normal flow of the production process include:

· breaks during the execution of a production task due to organizational problems in maintaining the workplace and supplying it with everything necessary for uninterrupted operation and technical problems;

· breaks caused by violation of labor discipline due to random distractions of workers from work for various kinds of disrespectful reasons, as well as downtime of workers due to tardiness or early departure from work of other team members;

· breaks for valid reasons - loss of working time with the permission of the administration.

Working time is the time during which the labor process takes place. Working time can be considered in the context of various calendar periods: year, production week, working day (shift).
The composition of working time in terms of content, duration and order of alternation of elements is different when performing various operations. For the scientific study of working time, systematization and classification of its costs are used. Industrial enterprises have adopted a unified classification of working time costs, which meets the goals and objectives of its organization and regulation. Classification of working time elements allows:
. study the use of working time for its intended purpose;
. establish the causes of lost working time;
. determine the degree of necessity and feasibility of certain types of working time costs;
. differentiate the elements of working time that are part of the time standards.
In the production process, the labor of workers is combined with the operation of equipment, therefore, in the practice of rationing, working time costs are classified:
. on the cost of working time of the performer (worker);
. according to the time of equipment use.
According to the classification according to the cost of the performer’s working time, the worker’s working time consists of work time and break time (Fig. 11).
Working time is the period during which a worker performs certain production operations. It is determined by the time it takes to complete a production task and the time not associated with the execution of a production task.

Production task completion time includes:
. preparatory-final time - the time that a worker spends preparing himself and the means of production to perform a given job. It does not depend on the volume of work (size of the product batch) and is spent on obtaining a production task, familiarizing oneself with the drawings, preparing devices for performing the work, etc.;
. operational time - the time it takes to complete a production operation, repeated with each unit or a certain volume of production. It is divided into main and auxiliary. The main (technological) time is spent on directly changing the subject of labor, performing technological operations and moving the subject of labor; auxiliary - for the employee to carry out auxiliary labor techniques necessary to perform the main work and repeated during the manufacture of each unit of product or a certain number of them;
. workplace maintenance time - the time spent by an employee on caring for the workplace, equipment and maintaining the workplace in a condition that ensures productive work during a shift or other working period. It includes maintenance time and organizational maintenance time. Maintenance time is allocated to caring for the workplace, equipment and tools necessary to perform a specific task (time spent on sharpening and replacing worn tools, adjusting and fine-tuning equipment during operation, removing production waste, cleaning, lubricating equipment, etc.). Organizational service time is spent on maintaining the workplace in working order during the shift and does not depend on the characteristics of a particular operation (receiving and handing over a shift, laying out and cleaning tools and documentation, moving containers with blanks or finished products within the workplace, etc.).
Busy time can also be divided into the time of direct work, transitions (for example, during multi-machine work) and active monitoring of the progress of the technological process, which is necessary in order to ensure its normal progress. If a worker is engaged in active surveillance, he should not perform other functions. In addition to active observation, passive observation is also possible, which is one of the types of breaks in a worker’s employment for organizational and technical reasons. Passive observation time can occur when servicing automatic lines, devices, and multi-machine work. The economic feasibility of passive observation is established as a result of calculations of optimal service standards and numbers. If possible, passive observation time should be used to perform simple functions (laying out tools, cleaning the workplace, etc.), the execution of which is stopped if employee intervention in the production process is necessary.
To calculate labor standards, it is essential to divide the time spent into overlapping and non-overlapping. Overlapping usually includes the time a worker performs those elements of the labor process that are carried out during the period of automatic operation of the equipment. The time for performing labor techniques (installation of a workpiece, quality control, etc.) with the equipment stopped (non-working) and the time for machine-manual techniques are non-overlapping. In a broader sense, overlapping (combinable) should include the time spent on all work that is performed simultaneously (in parallel) with those elements of the operation that determine its duration. It is especially important to consider the overlapping time costs when an operation is performed by several workers.
Work time not provided for by the production task is spent on performing random and unproductive work (correcting defects, searching for materials, tools, devices, etc.).
Break time is the time during which the employee does not take part in work. It is divided into the time of regulated breaks and the time of unregulated breaks in work.
The time of regulated breaks in work includes the time of breaks in work due to the technology and organization of the production process, as well as time for rest and personal needs (provided for by the norms and working hours in force at the enterprise).
The time of unregulated breaks is the time of breaks in work caused by disruption of the normal flow of the production process (downtime of equipment and workers due to waiting for workpieces, documentation, tools, etc., as well as excess time of breaks caused by non-synchronization of the production process), and breaks at work related to violation of labor discipline (late start and early completion of work, excessive rest time, etc.).
The main and most important element of working time is operational time. By organizing the labor process at each workplace, it is necessary to ensure an increase in the share of operational time in the total working time by reducing other elements of time and breaks.
The degree of use of working time during a shift is characterized by the coefficient of working time utilization, which is defined as the ratio of operational time to the duration of the shift:

where Top is operational time, min; Tcm - shift duration, min.
The coefficient of utilization of working time is always less than one, since the most rational organization of labor requires some time spent on preparatory and final work, maintenance of the workplace and regulated (minimum) breaks. The working time utilization rate characterizes the time spent on manufacturing products (performing a production operation), but does not reflect the time the worker actually works.
In addition to this coefficient, the worker load factor should be calculated:

where Tr is the worker’s working time during a shift, min; Tper - time of breaks during a shift, min.
Worker utilization rate shows how much of a shift a worker uses for work. If the worker's load factor significantly exceeds the coefficient of use of working time, this indicates shortcomings in the organization of labor.
The main purpose of the classification of working time is the ability to compare and analyze the results of observations of the use of working time in order to identify reserves for growth in labor productivity, determine the necessary expenditure of working time by elements of the labor process and establish labor standards.
When classifying working time costs according to the time of equipment use, work time and break time are also distinguished.
This classification allows you to analyze the nature of equipment use and identify the degree of its extensive loading (Fig. 12).

When establishing labor standards and analyzing working time costs, the latter are divided into standardized and non-standardized.
Standardized working time costs are included in the labor standard - this is preparatory and final time, operational work time; time for servicing the workplace, time for regulated breaks. Non-standard labor costs of working time are direct losses of working time and are not included in the standard time. The total amount of standardized costs per unit of production is called piece-costing time.

Classification of working time costs – This is the combination of working time costs into related groups that have common characteristics in order to study the structure and develop an optimal balance of working time costs, identify irrational working time costs, and determine a possible increase in labor productivity. To analyze and rationalize the labor process and develop labor cost standards, it is necessary to carefully study the costs of the performer’s working time and the time of use of the equipment.

Working time is one of the most important resources of an enterprise. The meaning of the classification of working time costs is as follows:

Establishing the cost of working time, which is necessary to perform a given job and must be regulated;

Effective use of equipment and contractor working time.

Purposes of classification of working time costs are as follows:

Study of the state of labor organization and use of working time;

The most complete identification of time losses and their causes;

Establishing the degree of necessity and expediency of individual time expenditures when performing a given job, comparing actual time expenditures with standard values;

Study and analysis of the time of equipment use in relation to the employee’s working time;

Designing a rational balance of working time;

Determining the time required to complete a given job and its individual elements;

Comparison of the results of observations carried out both to establish technically sound production and time standards, and to identify reserves for increasing labor productivity.

Time costs are classified based on their relationship to the elements of the production process: the subject of labor, the employee and the equipment.

Work time- this is the period of time established by law during which the employee performs the functions required by his job duties. Working time for the performer of work is divided into work time, during which the worker performs one or another work provided for or not provided for by the production task, and break time, during which the worker does not work. The classification structure of the contractor's working time costs, presented in the figure, contains a division of time costs into categories and types. This classification is used to establish the correct proportions and absolute sizes of the constituent elements of standardized time.

Working hours to complete a production task consists of the following types of working time costs:

1. Preparatory and final time (T pz) is the time spent by a worker preparing to perform a given job, and the actions associated with its completion. This includes the time of: receiving production assignments, tools, devices and technological documentation; familiarization with the work, technological documentation, drawing; receiving instructions on how to carry out work; setting up equipment for the appropriate operating mode; trial processing of a part on a machine; removal of fixtures, tools, delivery of finished products, technological documentation and drawings.

2. Operating time (T op) is the time spent directly on performing a given job (operation), repeated with each unit or a certain volume of products or work. It is divided into main and auxiliary time.

2.1. Main time (T o) is the time spent by the worker on actions to qualitatively and quantitatively change the subject of labor, its condition and position in space.

2.2. Auxiliary time (T in) is the time spent by the worker on actions that ensure the completion of the main job. It is repeated either with each processed unit of production, or with a certain volume of it. Auxiliary time includes: loading equipment with raw materials and semi-finished products; unloading and picking up finished products; installation and fastening of parts; detaching and removing parts; movement of individual equipment mechanisms; rearrangement of working tools, etc.

3. Workplace service time (T obs) is the time spent by the worker

to care for the workplace and maintain it in a condition that ensures productive work during the shift. In machine and automated production processes, it is divided into technical and organizational maintenance time.

3.1. Maintenance time (T tech) is the time spent caring for the workplace, equipment and tools necessary to perform a specific task. This includes time spent on sharpening and replacing worn-out tools, adjusting and fine-tuning equipment during operation, cleaning up production waste, etc.

3.2. Organizational service time (Torg) is the time spent maintaining the workplace in the required condition during the shift. It does not depend on the specifics of a particular operation and includes time spent on: eating and changing shifts; laying out at the beginning and cleaning at the end of the change of tools, documentation and other materials and items necessary for work; moving containers with blanks or finished products within the workplace; inspection, testing, cleaning, washing, lubrication of equipment, etc.

4. In mechanized and automated production, a significant share of operational time is occupied by time spent by a worker observing the operation of equipment . It can be active or passive.

4.1. Time of active monitoring of equipment operation (T a.n) is the time during which the worker carefully monitors the operation of the equipment, the progress of the technological process, and compliance with the specified parameters in order to ensure the required product quality and serviceability of the equipment. During this period, the worker does not perform physical work, but his presence at the workplace is necessary.

4.2. Time of passive observation of equipment operation (T p.n.) is the time during which there is no need for constant monitoring of the operation of the equipment or technological process, but the worker carries it out due to the lack of other work. This period should be the subject of especially careful study, since its reduction or use to perform other necessary work is a significant reserve for increasing labor productivity.

5. When analyzing the cost of working time for servicing equipment and calculating time standards, allocate overlapped And non-overlapping time .

5.1. Overlapping time – this is the time a worker performs work techniques during the automatic operating time of the equipment. The overlapped time can be main (active observation) and auxiliary time, as well as time related to other types of working hours.

5.2. Non-overlapping time – this is the time for performing auxiliary work and work on servicing workplaces when the equipment is stopped.

6. Working time also includes time of work not provided for by the production task (T n.z) – time spent by an employee performing casual and non-productive work. It is not included in the standard piece time.

6.1.Occasional work time (T s.r) is the time spent on performing work not provided for by the production task, but caused by production necessity (for example, transporting finished products, performed instead of an auxiliary worker).

6.2. Unproductive work time (T n.r) is the time spent on performing work that is not provided for by the production task and is not caused by production necessity (correcting a manufacturing defect).

Break times in work is divided into the time of regulated and unregulated breaks.

Time of regulated breaks in work includes the time of breaks caused by technology and organization of the production process (T p.t), for example, a break in the work of a crane operator while workers are slinging a lifted load. This category also includes time for rest and personal needs (T department).

Unregulated breaks from work– this is the time of interruptions caused by disruption of the normal flow of the production process. It includes the time of interruptions caused by shortcomings in the organization of production (T p.n.n.): untimely supply of materials, raw materials to the workplace, equipment malfunction, power outages, etc., and the time of interruptions in work caused violations of labor discipline (T p.n.d): being late for work, absences from the workplace, leaving work early, etc.

20. Classification of elements of time spent using machines.

– this is the time during which the equipment is in operation, divided into the time of its operation and the time of breaks in operation. The structure of the classification of equipment use time is presented in the figure.

Equipment operating time- this is the time during which the equipment is in operation, regardless of whether the main work is performed on it or not.

The components of this time are:

- equipment operating time– the time when the equipment is in operation and the main work for which it is intended is performed;

Time to complete the work not included in the production specification, includes time unproductive operation of equipment(correction of marriage), odd jobs associated with the manufacture of products not determined by the task, caused by production needs, and idle work when the equipment is in operation, but the main work is not being performed.

Equipment break times– this is the time during which the equipment is inactive for one reason or another. It is divided by time:

- regulated downtime, related to the performance of preparatory and final work and maintenance of equipment, to the performance of manual work that requires stopping the machine, which is provided for by the technology and organization of production or is related to the rest and personal needs of the employee;

- unregulated breaks related to organizational and technical reasons (untimely supply of raw materials, materials and energy), unscheduled repairs of equipment due to a malfunction, violation of labor discipline by workers (lateness, absences during work, premature completion of work).

Equipment usage time can be divided into the following types:

- standardized time, which includes productive work time; idle work; downtime due to preparatory and final work, downtime due to manual work requiring stopping the machine; downtime caused by technology and production organization; downtime associated with rest and personal needs of the employee;

- irregular time which includes unproductive and random operation of equipment; downtime associated with violation of labor discipline.

Working time for a work performer is divided into working hours (during which the worker performs this or that work provided for or not provided for by the production task) and break time at work (during which the labor process is not carried out for various reasons). The structure of a worker's working time is presented in Figure 6.1.

So, working hours is divided into two types of costs: production task completion time (T PROIZ) And work time not provided for by the production task (T UNPROIZE) - time spent on performing operations that are not typical for a given employee, which can be eliminated.

Production task completion time includes preparatory and final, operational and workplace maintenance time.

Preparatory and final time (T PZ)- this is the time spent preparing oneself and one’s workplace to complete a production task, as well as all actions to complete it. This type of working time costs includes the time of receiving a production task, tools, devices and technological documentation, familiarization with the work, receiving instructions on the procedure for carrying out the work, setting up equipment for the appropriate operating mode, removing devices, tools, handing over finished products to the quality control department, etc. . Since the peculiarity of this category of time expenditure is the fact that its value does not depend on the amount of work performed on a given task, then in large-scale and mass production per unit of product this time is insignificant in size and is usually not taken into account when establishing standards.

Operating time (T OPER)– this is the time during which the worker completes the task (changes the properties of the object of labor); is repeated with each unit or a certain volume of production or work. During machine work it is divided into main (technological) and auxiliary.

Basic (technological) time (T OSN),- this is the time spent directly on a quantitative and (or) qualitative change in the subject of labor, its condition and position in space.

During auxiliary time(T VSP) actions necessary to carry out the main work are performed. It is repeated either with each processed unit of production, or with a certain volume of it. Auxiliary time includes time for loading equipment with raw materials and semi-finished products, unloading and removing finished products, installing and securing parts, moving objects of labor within the work area, operating equipment, monitoring the quality of manufactured products, etc.

The time spent on caring for the workplace and maintaining equipment, tools and devices in working order during the shift is classified as workplace service time (T OBSL). In machine and automated processes it includes technical and organizational maintenance time for the workplace.

By the time of workplace maintenance (T SUPPORT TECHN) refers to the time spent servicing the workplace in connection with the performance of a given operation or specific work (replacing a dull tool, adjusting and fine-tuning equipment during work, removing production waste, inspecting, cleaning, washing, lubricating equipment, etc.).

Organizational service time (T OBS.ORG) – this is the time spent by a worker on maintaining the workplace in working condition during a shift. It does not depend on the characteristics of a particular operation and includes the time spent on receiving and handing over a shift, laying out at the beginning and cleaning at the end of the shift tools, documentation and other necessary for work objects and materials, etc.

In some industries (coal, metallurgical, food, etc.), the time spent on servicing the workplace is not allocated, but refers to the preparatory and final time.

Working time not provided for by the production task, - time spent by an employee performing random and unproductive work. Performing unproductive and random work does not provide an increase in production or improvement in its quality and is not included in the standard piece time. These costs should be the subject of special attention, since their reduction is a reserve for increasing labor productivity.

Time for performing random work (T SL.WORK)- this is the time spent on performing work that is not provided for by the production task, but caused by production necessity (for example, transporting finished products, performed instead of an auxiliary worker, going for work orders, technical documentation, raw materials, blanks, tools, searching for a foreman, service technician, tools; not performing auxiliary and repair work provided for in the task, etc.).

Figure 6.1 – Classification of contractor’s working time costs

Non-productive work time (T CONTINUOUS WORK)- this is the time spent on performing work that is not provided for by the production task and is not caused by production necessity (for example, manufacturing and correcting manufacturing defects, removing excess allowance from a workpiece, etc.)).

In addition to the above, depending on the nature of the employee’s participation in the production operation, operating time can be divided into:

- manual work time(without the use of machines and mechanisms);

- machine-manual work time performed by machines with the direct participation of an employee or by an employee using manual mechanisms;

- observation time equipment operation (automated and instrumental work);

- transition time(for example, from one machine to another during multi-machine service).

Observation time, as noted, is typical for automated and hardware-based production. It can be active or passive. Active surveillance time equipment operation is the time during which the worker carefully monitors the operation of the equipment, the progress of the technological process, and compliance with specified parameters in order to ensure the required product quality and serviceability of the equipment. During this time, the worker does not perform physical work, but his presence at the workplace is necessary. Passive observation time equipment operation is the time during which there is no need for constant monitoring of the operation of the equipment or the technological process, but the worker carries it out due to the lack of other work. The time of passive observation of equipment operation should be the subject of particularly careful study, since its reduction or use to perform other necessary work is a significant reserve for increasing labor productivity.

Considering the structure of working time costs in machine, automated, and hardware processes during work time, it is also advisable to distinguish overlapping and non-overlapping time.

Overlapping time- the time the worker performs those elements of work that are carried out simultaneously with the machine or automatic operation of the equipment. The overlapped time can be primary (active observation) and auxiliary time, as well as time related to other types of working time expenditure. Non-overlapping time - time for performing auxiliary work and work on servicing workplaces when the equipment is stopped. Increasing the overlapped time can also serve as a reserve for productivity growth.

As noted, working time includes break time. There are regulated and unregulated breaks.

Time of regulated breaks (T REGUL.PER) work includes:

- time of breaks in work due to technology and organization of the production process (for example, the time of interruption in the work of the driver while workers are slinging the lifted load) - their elimination is practically impossible or economically impractical;

- time for breaks for rest and personal needs, associated with the need to prevent fatigue and maintain normal performance of the employee, as well as necessary for personal hygiene.

Time of unregulated breaks in work (T UNREGULAR.PER)– this is the time of breaks caused by a disruption in the normal flow of the production process or labor discipline. It includes:

- interruptions due to disruption of the normal course of the production process may be caused by organizational problems (lack of work, raw materials, supplies, incomplete parts and workpieces, waiting for vehicles and auxiliary workers, waiting for acceptance or control of finished products, etc.) and technical reasons (waiting for equipment repair, tool replacement, lack of electricity , gas, steam, water, etc.). Sometimes these types of unregulated breaks are called breaks for organizational and technical reasons;

- breaks caused by violation of labor discipline, may be associated with being late for work or leaving work early, unauthorized absences from the workplace, extraneous conversations, or activities not related to work. These include excessive (compared to the established regime and standards) rest time for workers.

When analyzing the costs of working time in order to identify and subsequently eliminate losses of working time and their causes, all working time of the performer is divided into productive costs and lost working time. The first group includes the time of work to complete a production task and the time of regulated breaks. These costs are subject to rationing and are included in the structure of the time norm. Lost working time includes time spent performing unproductive work and time spent on unregulated breaks. These costs are the object of analysis with the aim of eliminating them or reducing them as much as possible.

The production process can be considered as a process of increasing the time spent on manufactured products.

A production operation is understood as a part of the labor process performed to transform objects of labor into finished products at the same workplace.

In turn, production operations are divided into:

Elements;

Labor actions;

Labor movements.

In addition, when analyzing an operation, the labor process is considered not only in labor terms, but also in technological terms. And when rationing working time costs, the total labor costs in both labor and technological relations are taken into account.

From the point of view of technology, the task is set: to study what modifications occur with the subject of labor in the process of technological operations, and what actions are performed by workers.

Working time is the length of the working day or working week established by law. At the moment it is equal to 40 hours under normal operating conditions. There is also a 36-hour working week.

Any excess of this standard is considered overtime according to the schedule, unless otherwise provided by law (non-standard working hours).

In the case of overtime, working time means the entire period during which the employee is at work in connection with the work he performs.

Because Since the production process connects the employee’s time, the time of using equipment and the time of exposure to the object of labor, the classification of working time costs should be carried out in 3 areas:

1. Objects of labor;

2. Employees;

3. Equipment.

The basis of these classifications is the definition of two components: the time of the production process and the break time.

Working time is the time spent by an employee performing work (operations) provided for in the production task and the time for performing work not provided for in the production task, but arising from production necessity.

Break time from work is the time of regulated breaks, i.e. provided for by law or organization procedure and the time of unregulated breaks, i.e. arising at the initiative or through the fault of the employee.

When calculating labor standards, working time costs are established:

1. Preparatory and final;

2. Operational;

3. Workplace maintenance;

4. Break time for rest and personal needs;

5. Regulated (standardized) breaks.

Preparatory-final - time spent preparing to complete a given task and actions associated with its completion:

· obtaining tools and equipment

· familiarization with the work

· instructions on how to perform the work

Removing fixtures and tools after completing the work

· delivery of devices, tools, documentation.

Operational time is the time spent on changing the shape, size, properties of objects of labor, as well as on performing auxiliary actions necessary to carry out these changes.

Operating time costs are accrued for each unit of production or a certain amount of work. It is divided into main and auxiliary.

The main (technological) time is spent on purposeful changes in the subject of labor (its size, shape, properties, condition and position).

During the auxiliary time the following is performed:

· eating finished products

equipment management

· changing equipment operating modes

· Monitoring the progress of the technical process and product quality.

Thus, auxiliary time is the time spent on operations that make it possible to perform basic operations.

Workplace maintenance time is the maintenance time spent by workers on caring for equipment and maintaining the workplace in good condition, taking into account sanitary, hygienic standards, safety regulations, i.e. not related to the performance of any operations. It is divided into technical and organizational time.

Workplace maintenance time is spent on caring for equipment when performing a specific job (replacing worn tools, adjusting equipment, removing chips, etc.)

Organizational maintenance time for a workplace is spent on workplace maintenance associated with performing work throughout the entire shift. This category includes the time spent on setting up tools at the beginning and cleaning up at the end of a work shift, and on cleaning and lubricating equipment.

Time for rest and personal needs is established to maintain normal performance and personal hygiene. The duration of such breaks depends on working conditions. This standard is set by the enterprise.

The time of regulated breaks takes into account downtime of equipment and workers caused by violations established by the technology and organization of production. These breaks are not included in the time standard.

When analyzing the time spent by workers, first of all, the time of their employment, the time of completing a production task and the time of employment with other work (correcting defects, searching for materials and tools) are highlighted.

Employment time can be divided into the time of direct work, transitions (from one machine to another) and active monitoring of the progress of the technological process, which is necessary in order to ensure its normal progress.

When analyzing working time costs, regulated breaks are highlighted for organizational and technical reasons and due to the fault of employees.

Break time from the point of view of regulated breaks is the time when an employee does not perform a work action for one of the following reasons:

Due to the peculiarities of the technological process;

For organizational reasons included in the production regulations;

Employees do not perform work in order to rest and restore their working capacity in accordance with the Labor Code of the Russian Federation and the work schedule established at the enterprise.

Unregulated breaks are times when an employee does not perform work activities for the following reasons:

Disruption of the normal course of the production process;

Violation of labor discipline.

In this case, a disruption to the normal course of the production process may be caused by circumstances independent of the employee, or due to the fault of the employee.

Violation of labor discipline always refers to unregulated breaks due to the fault of the employee.

Organizational and technical reasons include downtime of equipment and workers due to waiting for documentation of workpieces and tools.

The time of breaks due to violations of labor discipline is due to the late start and premature completion of work, and excessive rest time.

To calculate labor standards, it is essential to divide the time spent into overlapping and non-overlapping.

Overlapping includes the time a worker performs those elements of the labor process that are carried out during the period of automatic operation of the equipment.

Non-overlapping - this is the time for performing labor techniques (installation of a workpiece, quality control) while stopped, i.e. non-functioning equipment.

Hardware (free machine time), during which the equipment operates without any participation of workers, is called free machine hardware time.

The production process time is divided into the following components:

1) time of implementation of the technological process itself;

2) time of transport operations;

3) time of control and testing of finished products;

4) time of breaks during production processes. From the point of view of labor standardization, all costs are divided into:

standardized, which are included in the time standard; non-standardized ones that are not included in the time standard.

For an employee, standardized costs are all the time required by the production task and regulated breaks.

For equipment, the standardized components are also the time for completing production tasks and the time for regulated breaks, but not only during the work process, but also during the waiting process.

Irregular costs represent random and unforeseen work, as well as unscheduled breaks.

From the point of view of labor regulation, all non-standardized costs relate to lost working time.

Related information.